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Andrew Begel 2018-02-25 20:24:38 -08:00
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<p>There are other roles you might be thinking of that I haven't mentioned:</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Managers</b> exist in all roles when teams get to a certain size, helping to move information from between higher and lower parts of an organization. Even <em>engineering</em> managers are primarily focused on organizing and prioritizing work, and not doing engineering (<a href="#kalliamvakou">(Kalliamvakou et al. 2018).</li>
<li><b>Managers</b> exist in all roles when teams get to a certain size, helping to move information from between higher and lower parts of an organization. Even <em>engineering</em> managers are primarily focused on organizing and prioritizing work, and not doing engineering (<a href="#kalliamvakou">Kalliamvakou et al. 2018).</li>
<li><b>Data scientists</b>, although a new role, typically <em>facilitate</em> decision making on the part of any of the roles above <a href="#begel">(Begel & Zimmermann 2014)</a>. They might help engineers find bugs, marketers analyze data, track sales targets, mine support data, or inform design decisions. They're experts at using data to accelerate and improve the decisions made by the roles above.</li>
<li><b>Researchers</b>, also called user researchers, also help people in a software organization make decisions, but usually <em>product</em> decisions, helping marketers, sales, and product managers decide what products to make and who would want them. In many cases, they can complement the work of data scientists, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/ux-research-analytics-yann-riche?trk=prof-post" target="_blank">providing qualitative work to triangulate quantitative data</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Every decision made in a software team is under uncertainty, and so another important concept in organizations is <strong>risk</strong> <a href="#boehm">(Boehm 1991)</a>. It's rarely possible to predict the future, and so organizations must take risks. Much of an organization's function is to mitigate the consequences of risks. Data scientists and researchers mitigate risk by increasing confidence in an organization's understanding of the market and it's consumers. Engineers manage risk by trying to avoid defects and moving fast.</p>
<p>Open source communities are organizations too. The core activities of design, engineering, and support still exist in these, but how much a community is engaged in marketing and sales depends entirely on the purpose of the community. Big, established open source projects like <a href="https://mozilla.org" target="_blank">Mozilla</a> have revenue, buildings, and a CEO, and while they don't sell anything, they do market. Others like Linux <a href="#lee">(Lee & Cole 2013)</a> rely heavily on contributions both from volunteers <a href="#ye">(Ye & Kishida 2003)</a>, but also paid employees from companies that depend on Linux, like IBM, Google, and others. In these settings, there are still all of the challenges that come with software engineering, but fewer of the constraints that come from a for-profit or non-profit motive.</p>
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<p id="chilana">Chilana, P. K., Ko, A. J., Wobbrock, J. O., Grossman, T., & Fitzmaurice, G. (2011, May). <a href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1979270" target="_blank">Post-deployment usability: a survey of current practices</a>. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2243-2246). ACM.
<p>Clegg, S. and Bailey, J.R. (2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uac5DQAAQBAJ" target="_blank">International Encyclopedia of Organization Studies</a>. Sage Publications.</p>
<p>Kalliamvakou, E., Bird, C., Zimmermann, T., Begel, A., DeLine, R., German, D. M. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2017.2768368" target="_blank">What Makes a Great Manager of Software Engineers?</a> To appear in IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. IEEE.</p>
<p>Ko, Andrew J. (2017). <a href="https://faculty.washington.edu/ajko/papers/Ko2017AnswerDashReflection.pdf" target="_blank">A Three-Year Participant Observation of Software Startup Software Evolution</a>. International Conference on Software Engineering, Software Engineering in Practice, to appear.</p>