There are other roles you might be thinking of that I haven't mentioned:
Every decision made in a software team is under uncertainty, and so another important concept in organizations is risk (Boehm 1991). It's rarely possible to predict the future, and so organizations must take risks. Much of an organization's function is to mitigate the consequences of risks. Data scientists and researchers mitigate risk by increasing confidence in an organization's understanding of the market and it's consumers. Engineers manage risk by trying to avoid defects and moving fast.
Open source communities are organizations too. The core activities of design, engineering, and support still exist in these, but how much a community is engaged in marketing and sales depends entirely on the purpose of the community. Big, established open source projects like Mozilla have revenue, buildings, and a CEO, and while they don't sell anything, they do market. Others like Linux (Lee & Cole 2013) rely heavily on contributions both from volunteers (Ye & Kishida 2003), but also paid employees from companies that depend on Linux, like IBM, Google, and others. In these settings, there are still all of the challenges that come with software engineering, but fewer of the constraints that come from a for-profit or non-profit motive.
@@ -84,6 +83,8 @@Chilana, P. K., Ko, A. J., Wobbrock, J. O., Grossman, T., & Fitzmaurice, G. (2011, May). Post-deployment usability: a survey of current practices. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2243-2246). ACM.
Clegg, S. and Bailey, J.R. (2008). International Encyclopedia of Organization Studies. Sage Publications.
+ +Kalliamvakou, E., Bird, C., Zimmermann, T., Begel, A., DeLine, R., German, D. M. What Makes a Great Manager of Software Engineers? To appear in IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. IEEE.
Ko, Andrew J. (2017). A Three-Year Participant Observation of Software Startup Software Evolution. International Conference on Software Engineering, Software Engineering in Practice, to appear.