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Up: Readme.md, Prev: Section 16, Next: Section 18

Stateful action

Some actions have states. The values of states can be boolean or string. Actions which have states are called stateful.

Stateful action without a parameter

Some menus are called toggle menu. For example, fullscreen menu has a state which has two values -- fullscreen and non-fullscreen. The value of the state is changed every time the menu is clicked. An action corresponds to the fullscreen menu also have a state. Its value is TRUE or FALSE and it is called boolean value. TRUE corresponds to fullscreen and FALSE to non-fullscreen.

The following is an example code to implement a fullscreen menu except the signal handler. The signal handler will be described after the explanation of this code.

static void
on_activate (GApplication *app, gpointer user_data) {
  ... ... ...
  GSimpleAction *act_fullscreen = g_simple_action_new_stateful ("fullscreen",
                                  NULL, g_variant_new_boolean (FALSE));
  GMenuItem *menu_item_fullscreen = g_menu_item_new ("Full Screen", "win.fullscreen");
  g_signal_connect (act_fullscreen, "change-state", G_CALLBACK (fullscreen_changed), win);
  ... ... ...
}

act_fullscreen is GSimpleAction. It is generated by g_simple_action_new_stateful. The function has three arguments. The first argument "fullscreen" is the name of the action. The second argument is a parameter type. NULL means the action doesn't have a parameter. The third argument is the initial state of the action. It is a GVariant value. GVariant will be explained in the next subsection. The function g_variant_new_boolean (FALSE) returns a GVariant value which is the boolean value FALSE.
menu_item_fullscreen is GMenuItem. There are two arguments. The first argument "Full Screen" is a label which is one of the attributes of GMenuItem. The second argument is called detailed action. Detailed action has three parts, prefix, action name and target. "win.fullscreen" means that the prefix is "win", the action name is "fullscreen" and there's no target. The prefix says that the action belongs to the window.
connects the action act_fullscreen and the "change-state" signal handler fullscreen_changed. If the fullscreen menu is clicked, then the corresponding action act_fullscreen is activated. But no handler is connected to "activate" signal. Then, the default behavior for boolean-stated actions with a NULL parameter type like act_fullscreen is to toggle them via the “change-state” signal.

The following is the "change-state" signal handler.

static void
fullscreen_changed(GSimpleAction *action, GVariant *value, gpointer win) {
  if (g_variant_get_boolean (value))
    gtk_window_maximize (GTK_WINDOW (win));
  else
    gtk_window_unmaximize (GTK_WINDOW (win));
  g_simple_action_set_state (action, value);
}

There are three parameters. The first parameter is the action which emits the "change-state" signal. The second parameter is the value of the state of the action. But it is toggled because of no "activate" signal handler. The third parameter is a user data which is set in g_signal_connect.
If the value is boolean type and TRUE, then maximize the window. Otherwise unmaximize.
Sets the state of the action to value. Note: the second argument was the toggled state value, but at this stage the state of the action has the original value. So, you need to set the state to the new value by g_simple_action_set_state.

You can use "activate" signal instead of "change-state" signal, or both signals. But the way above is the simplest and best.

GVariant

GVarient can contain boolean, string or other simple type values. For example, the following program assigns TRUE to value whose type is GVariant.

GVariant *value = g_variant_new_boolean (TRUE);

Another example is:

GVariant *value2 = g_variant_new_string ("Hello");

value2 is a GVariant and it has a string type value "Hello". GVariant can contain other types like int16, int32, int64, double and so on.

If you want to get the original value, use g_variant_get series functions. For example, you can get the boolean value by g_variant_get_boolean.

gboolean bool = g_variant_get_boolean (value);

Because value has been generated as a boolean type GVariant and TRUE value, bool equals TRUE. In the same way, you can get a string from value2

const gchar *str = g_variant_get_string (value2, NULL);

The second parameter is a pointer to gsize type variable (gsize is defined as unsigned long). If it isn't NULL, then the length of the string will be set by the function. If it is NULL, nothing happens. The returned string str can't be changed.

Stateful action with a parameter

Another example of stateful actions is an action corresponds to color select menus. For example, there are three menus and each menu has red, green or blue color respectively. They determine the background color of a certain widget. One action is connected to the three menus. The action has a state which values are "red", "green" and "blue". The values are string. Those colors are given to the signal handler as a parameter.

static void
on_activate (GApplication *app, gpointer user_data) {
  ... ... ...
  GSimpleAction *act_color = g_simple_action_new_stateful ("color",
                     g_variant_type_new("s"), g_variant_new_string ("red"));
  GMenuItem *menu_item_red = g_menu_item_new ("Red", "win.color::red");
  GMenuItem *menu_item_green = g_menu_item_new ("Green", "win.color::green");
  GMenuItem *menu_item_blue = g_menu_item_new ("Blue", "win.color::blue");
  g_signal_connect (act_color, "activate", G_CALLBACK (color_activated), win);
  ... ... ...
}

act_color is GSimpleAction. It is generated by g_simple_action_new_stateful. The function has three arguments. The first argument "color" is the name of the action. The second argument is a parameter type which is GVariantType. g_variant_type_new("s") generates GVariantType which is a string type (G_VARIANT_TYPE_STRING). The third argument is the initial state of the action. It is a GVariant. GVariantType will be explained in the next subsection. The function g_variant_new_string ("red") returns a GVariant value which has the string value "red".
menu_item_red is GMenuItem. There are two arguments. The first argument "Red" is a label which is one of the attributes of GMenuItem. The second argument is a detailed action. Its prefix is "win", action name is "color" and target is "red". Target is sent to the action as a parameter. The same goes for menu_item_green and menu_item_blue.
connects the action act_color and the "activate" signal handler color_activate. If one of the three menus is clicked, then the action act_color is activated with a parameter to which the menu item gives its target. No handler is connected to "change-state" signal. Then the default behavior is to call g_simple_action_set_state() to set the state to the requested value.

The following is the "activate" signal handler.

static void
color_activated(GSimpleAction *action, GVariant *parameter, gpointer win) {
  gchar *color = g_strdup_printf ("label#lb {background-color: %s;}",
                                   g_variant_get_string (parameter, NULL));
  gtk_css_provider_load_from_data (provider, color, -1);
  g_free (color);
  g_action_change_state (G_ACTION (action), parameter);
}

There are three parameters. The first parameter is the action which emits the "activate" signal. The second parameter is the parameter given to the action. It is a color specified by the menu. The third parameter is a user data which is set in g_signal_connect.
color is a CSS string generated by g_strdup_printf. The parameter of g_strdup_printf is the same as printf C standard function. g_variant_get_string get the string contained in parameter.
Sets the color of the css provider.
Frees the string color.
Changes the state by g_action_change_state. The function just sets the state of the action to the parameter by g_simple_action_set_state. Therefore, you can use g_simple_action_set_state instead of g_action_change_state.

Note: If you have set a "change-state" signal handler, g_action_change_state will emit "change-state" signal instead of calling g_simple_action_set_state.

GVariantType

GVariantType gives a type of GVariant. GVariant can contain many kinds of types. And the type often needs to be recognized at runtime. GVariantType provides such functionality.

When GVariantType is generated, the type is expressed by the string.

"b" means boolean type.
"s" means string type.

The following program is a simple example. It finally output the string "s".

1 #include <glib.h>
2 
3 int
4 main (int argc, char **argv) {
5   GVariantType *vtype = g_variant_type_new ("s");
6   const gchar *type_string = g_variant_type_peek_string (vtype);
7   g_print ("%s\n",type_string);
8 }

g_variant_tpe_new generates GVariantType. It uses a type string "s" which means string.
g_variant_type_peek_string takes a peek at vtype. It is the string "s" given at the generation time.
prints the string to the terminal.

Example code

The following code includes stateful actions above. This program has menus like this:

Fullscreen menu toggles the size of the window between maximum and non-maximum. If the window is maximum size, which is called full screen, then a check mark is put before "fullscreen" label.
Red, green and blue menu determines the back ground color of the label, which is the child widget of the window. The menus have radio buttons on the left of each of the menus. And the radio button of the selected menu turns on.
Quit menu quits the application.

The code is as follows.

  1 #include <gtk/gtk.h>
  2 
  3 static GtkCssProvider *provider;
  4 
  5 static void
  6 fullscreen_changed(GSimpleAction *action, GVariant *value, gpointer win) {
  7   if (g_variant_get_boolean (value))
  8     gtk_window_maximize (GTK_WINDOW (win));
  9   else
 10     gtk_window_unmaximize (GTK_WINDOW (win));
 11   g_simple_action_set_state (action, value);
 12 }
 13 
 14 static void
 15 color_activated(GSimpleAction *action, GVariant *parameter, gpointer win) {
 16   gchar *color = g_strdup_printf ("label#lb {background-color: %s;}", g_variant_get_string (parameter, NULL));
 17   gtk_css_provider_load_from_data (provider, color, -1);
 18   g_free (color);
 19   g_action_change_state (G_ACTION (action), parameter);
 20 }
 21 
 22 static void
 23 quit_activated(GSimpleAction *action, GVariant *parameter, gpointer app)
 24 {
 25   g_application_quit (G_APPLICATION(app));
 26 }
 27 
 28 static void
 29 on_activate (GApplication *app, gpointer user_data) {
 30   GtkWidget *win = gtk_application_window_new (GTK_APPLICATION (app));
 31   gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (win), "menu2");
 32   gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (win), 400, 300);
 33 
 34   GtkWidget *lb = gtk_label_new (NULL);
 35   gtk_widget_set_name (lb, "lb"); /* the name is used by CSS Selector */
 36   gtk_window_set_child (GTK_WINDOW (win), lb);
 37 
 38   GSimpleAction *act_fullscreen
 39     = g_simple_action_new_stateful ("fullscreen", NULL, g_variant_new_boolean (FALSE));
 40   GSimpleAction *act_color
 41     = g_simple_action_new_stateful ("color", g_variant_type_new("s"), g_variant_new_string ("red"));
 42   GSimpleAction *act_quit
 43     = g_simple_action_new ("quit", NULL);
 44 
 45   GMenu *menubar = g_menu_new ();
 46   GMenu *menu = g_menu_new ();
 47   GMenu *section1 = g_menu_new ();
 48   GMenu *section2 = g_menu_new ();
 49   GMenu *section3 = g_menu_new ();
 50   GMenuItem *menu_item_fullscreen = g_menu_item_new ("Full Screen", "win.fullscreen");
 51   GMenuItem *menu_item_red = g_menu_item_new ("Red", "win.color::red");
 52   GMenuItem *menu_item_green = g_menu_item_new ("Green", "win.color::green");
 53   GMenuItem *menu_item_blue = g_menu_item_new ("Blue", "win.color::blue");
 54   GMenuItem *menu_item_quit = g_menu_item_new ("Quit", "app.quit");
 55 
 56   g_signal_connect (act_fullscreen, "change-state", G_CALLBACK (fullscreen_changed), win);
 57   g_signal_connect (act_color, "activate", G_CALLBACK (color_activated), win);
 58   g_signal_connect (act_quit, "activate", G_CALLBACK (quit_activated), app);
 59   g_action_map_add_action (G_ACTION_MAP (win), G_ACTION (act_fullscreen));
 60   g_action_map_add_action (G_ACTION_MAP (win), G_ACTION (act_color));
 61   g_action_map_add_action (G_ACTION_MAP (app), G_ACTION (act_quit));
 62 
 63   g_menu_append_item (section1, menu_item_fullscreen);
 64   g_menu_append_item (section2, menu_item_red);
 65   g_menu_append_item (section2, menu_item_green);
 66   g_menu_append_item (section2, menu_item_blue);
 67   g_menu_append_item (section3, menu_item_quit);
 68   g_object_unref (menu_item_red);
 69   g_object_unref (menu_item_green);
 70   g_object_unref (menu_item_blue);
 71   g_object_unref (menu_item_fullscreen);
 72   g_object_unref (menu_item_quit);
 73 
 74   g_menu_append_section (menu, NULL, G_MENU_MODEL (section1));
 75   g_menu_append_section (menu, "Color", G_MENU_MODEL (section2));
 76   g_menu_append_section (menu, NULL, G_MENU_MODEL (section3));
 77   g_menu_append_submenu (menubar, "Menu", G_MENU_MODEL (menu));
 78 
 79   gtk_application_set_menubar (GTK_APPLICATION (app), G_MENU_MODEL (menubar));
 80   gtk_application_window_set_show_menubar (GTK_APPLICATION_WINDOW (win), TRUE);
 81 
 82 /*  GtkCssProvider *provider = gtk_css_provider_new ();*/
 83   provider = gtk_css_provider_new ();
 84   GdkDisplay *display = gtk_widget_get_display (GTK_WIDGET (win));
 85   gtk_css_provider_load_from_data (provider, "label#lb {background-color: red;}", -1);
 86   gtk_style_context_add_provider_for_display (display, GTK_STYLE_PROVIDER (provider),
 87                                               GTK_STYLE_PROVIDER_PRIORITY_USER);
 88 
 89 /*  gtk_widget_show (win);*/
 90   gtk_window_present (GTK_WINDOW (win));
 91 }
 92 
 93 int
 94 main (int argc, char **argv) {
 95   GtkApplication *app;
 96   int stat;
 97 
 98   app = gtk_application_new ("com.github.ToshioCP.menu2", G_APPLICATION_FLAGS_NONE);
 99   g_signal_connect (app, "activate", G_CALLBACK (on_activate), NULL);
100 
101   stat =g_application_run (G_APPLICATION (app), argc, argv);
102   g_object_unref (app);
103   return stat;
104 }
105

5-26: Signal handlers. They have been explained in this section.
30-36: win and lb are GtkApplicationWindow and GtkLabel respectively. win has a title "menu2" and its default size is 400x300. lb is named as "lb". The name is used in CSS. lb is set to win as a child.
38-43: Three actions are defined. They are:
- stateful and has no parameter. It has a toggle state.
- stateful and has a parameter. Parameter is a string type.
- stateless and has no parameter.
45-54: Generates GMenu and GMenuItem. There are three sections.
56-61: Signals are connected to handlers. And actions are added to GActionMap. Because act_fullscreen and act_color have "win" prefix and belong to GtkApplicationWindow, they are added to win. GtkApplicationWindow implements GActionModel interface like GtkApplication. act_quit has "app" prefix and belongs to GtkApplication. It is added to app.
63-77: Connects and builds the menus. Useless GMenuItem are freed.
79-80: GMenuModel menubar is inserted to app. Sets show menubar property to TRUE in win. Note: gtk_application_window_set_show_menubar generates GtkPopoverMenubar from GMenuModel. This is a different point between Gtk3 and Gtk4. And you can use GtkPopoverMenubar directly and set it as a descendant widget of the window. You may use GtkBox as a child widget of the window and insert GtkPopoverMenubar as the first child of the box.
82-87: Sets CSS. provider is GtkCssProvider which is defined in line three as a static variable. Its CSS data is: label#lb {background-color: red;}. "label#lb" is called selector. "label" is the node of GtkLabel. "#" precedes an ID which is an identifiable name of the widget. "lb" is the name of GtkLabel lb. (See line 35). The style is surrounded by open and close braces. The style is applied to GtkLabel which has a name "lb". Other GtkLabel have no effect from this. The provider is added to GdkDisplay.
90: Shows the window.