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Mon Apr 25 13:37:00 UTC 2011 Slackware 13.37 x86_64 stable is released! Thanks to everyone who pitched in on this release: the Slackware team, the folks producing upstream code, and linuxquestions.org for providing a great forum for collaboration and testing. The ISOs are off to be replicated, a 6 CD-ROM 32-bit set and a dual-sided 32-bit/64-bit x86/x86_64 DVD. Please consider supporting the Slackware project by picking up a copy from store.slackware.com. We're taking pre-orders now, and offer a discount if you sign up for a subscription. As always, thanks to the Slackware community for testing, suggestions, and feedback. :-) Have fun!
166 lines
6.6 KiB
HTML
166 lines
6.6 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
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<head>
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<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
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<title>The Shell</title>
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<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
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<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
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<link rel="NEXT" title="The Command Line" href="shell-command-line.html" />
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<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
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</head>
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<body class="CHAPTER" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
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alink="#0000FF">
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<div class="NAVHEADER">
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<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
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cellspacing="0">
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<tr>
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<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="booting-dual.html"
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accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
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accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
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<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
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</div>
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<div class="CHAPTER">
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<h1><a id="SHELL" name="SHELL"></a>Chapter 8 The Shell</h1>
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<div class="TOC">
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<dl>
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<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
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<dt>8.1 <a href="shell.html#SHELL-USERS">Users</a></dt>
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<dt>8.2 <a href="shell-command-line.html">The Command Line</a></dt>
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<dt>8.3 <a href="shell-bash.html">The Bourne Again Shell (bash)</a></dt>
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<dt>8.4 <a href="shell-vt.html">Virtual Terminals</a></dt>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<p>In a graphical environment, the interface is provided by a program that creates
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windows, scrollbars, menus, etc. In a commandline environment, the user interface is
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provided by a shell, which interprets commands and generally makes things useable.
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Immediately after logging in (which is covered in this chapter), users are put into a
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shell and allowed to go about their business. This chapter serves as an introduction to
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the shell, and to the most common shell among Linux users-- the Bourne Again Shell
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(bash). For more detailed information on anything in this chapter, check out the <tt
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class="COMMAND">bash</tt>(1) man page.</p>
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<div class="SECT1">
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<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="SHELL-USERS" name="SHELL-USERS">8.1 Users</a></h1>
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<div class="SECT2">
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<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN2678" name="AEN2678">8.1.1 Logging In</a></h2>
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<p>So you've booted, and you're looking at something that looks like this:</p>
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<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
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<tr>
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<td>
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<pre class="SCREEN">
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Welcome to Linux 2.4.18
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Last login: Wed Jan 1 15:59:14 -0500 2005 on tty6.
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darkstar login:
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</pre>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>Hmm.. nobody said anything about a login. And what's a darkstar? Don't worry; you
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probably didn't accidentally fire up a hyperspace comm-link to the Empire's artificial
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moon. (I'm afraid the hyperspace comm-link protocol isn't currently supported by the
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Linux kernel. Maybe the 2.8 kernel branch will at last provide this oft looked-for
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support.) No, darkstar is just the name of one of our computers, and its name gets
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stamped on as the default. If you specified a name for your computer during setup, you
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should see it instead of darkstar.</p>
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<p>As for the login... If this is your first time, you'll want to log in as <tt
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class="USERNAME">root</tt>. You'll be prompted for a password; if you set one during the
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setup process, that's what it's looking for. If not, just hit enter. That's it-- you're
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in!</p>
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</div>
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<div class="SECT2">
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<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN2693" name="AEN2693">8.1.2 Root: The Superuser</a></h2>
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<p>Okay, who or <span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">what</i></span> is <tt
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class="USERNAME">root</tt>? And what's it doing with an account on <span
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class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">your</i></span> system?</p>
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<p>Well, in the world of Unix and similar operating systems (like Linux), there are users
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and then there are users. We'll go into this in more detail later, but the important
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thing to know now is that <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt> is the user above all users; <tt
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class="USERNAME">root</tt> is all-powerful and all-knowing, and <span class="emphasis"><i
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class="EMPHASIS">nobody</i></span> disobeys <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt>. It just isn't
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allowed. <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt> is what we call a “superuser”, and
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rightly so. And best of all, <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt> is <span class="emphasis"><i
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class="EMPHASIS">you</i></span>.</p>
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<p>Cool, huh?</p>
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<p>If you're not sure: yes, that's very cool. The catch is, though, that root is
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inherently allowed to break anything it so desires. You might want to skip ahead to <a
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href="essential-sysadmin.html#ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-USERS-SCRIPTS">Section 12.1.1</a> and
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see about adding a user; then login as that user and work from there. The traditional
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wisdom is that it's best to only become the superuser when absolutely necessary, so as to
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minimize the possibility of accidentally breaking something.</p>
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<p>By the way, if you decide you want to be root while you're logged in as someone else,
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no problem. Just use the <tt class="COMMAND">su</tt>(1) command. You'll be asked for <tt
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class="USERNAME">root's</tt> password and then it will make you <tt
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class="USERNAME">root</tt> until you <tt class="COMMAND">exit</tt> or <tt
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class="COMMAND">logout</tt>. You can also become any other user using <tt
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class="COMMAND">su</tt>, provided you know that user's password: <tt class="COMMAND">su
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logan</tt>, for instance, would make you me.</p>
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<div class="NOTE">
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<table class="NOTE" width="100%" border="0">
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<tr>
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<td width="25" align="CENTER" valign="TOP"><img src="./imagelib/admon/note.png"
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hspace="5" alt="Note" /></td>
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<td align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
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<p><tt class="USERNAME">root</tt> is allowed to su to any user, without requiring their
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password.</p>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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</div>
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accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
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<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Dual Booting</td>
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<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
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<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">The Command Line</td>
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