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Mon Apr 25 13:37:00 UTC 2011 Slackware 13.37 x86_64 stable is released! Thanks to everyone who pitched in on this release: the Slackware team, the folks producing upstream code, and linuxquestions.org for providing a great forum for collaboration and testing. The ISOs are off to be replicated, a 6 CD-ROM 32-bit set and a dual-sided 32-bit/64-bit x86/x86_64 DVD. Please consider supporting the Slackware project by picking up a copy from store.slackware.com. We're taking pre-orders now, and offer a discount if you sign up for a subscription. As always, thanks to the Slackware community for testing, suggestions, and feedback. :-) Have fun!
168 lines
6.1 KiB
HTML
168 lines
6.1 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
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<head>
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<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
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<title>Filesystem Structure</title>
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<link rel="NEXT" title="Permissions" href="filesystem-structure-permissions.html" />
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<body class="CHAPTER" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
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alink="#0000FF">
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<div class="NAVHEADER">
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<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
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cellspacing="0">
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<tr>
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<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
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<tr>
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<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="shell-vt.html"
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<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom"></td>
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<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a
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<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
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</div>
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<div class="CHAPTER">
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<h1><a id="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE" name="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE"></a>Chapter 9 Filesystem
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Structure</h1>
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<div class="TOC">
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<dl>
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<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
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<dt>9.1 <a
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href="filesystem-structure.html#FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-OWNERSHIP">Ownership</a></dt>
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<dt>9.2 <a href="filesystem-structure-permissions.html">Permissions</a></dt>
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<dt>9.3 <a href="filesystem-structure-links.html">Links</a></dt>
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<dt>9.4 <a href="filesystem-structure-mounting.html">Mounting Devices</a></dt>
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<dt>9.5 <a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html">NFS Mounts</a></dt>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<p>We have already discussed the directory structure in Slackware Linux. By this point,
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you should be able to find files and directories that you need. But there is more to the
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filesystem than just the directory structure.</p>
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<p>Linux is a multiuser operating system. Every aspect of the system is multiuser, even
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the filesystem. The system stores information like who owns a file and who can read it.
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There are other unique parts about the filesystems, such as links and NFS mounts. This
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section explains these, as well as the multiuser aspects of the filesystem.</p>
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<div class="SECT1">
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<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-OWNERSHIP"
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name="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-OWNERSHIP">9.1 Ownership</a></h1>
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<p>The filesystem stores ownership information for each file and directory on the system.
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This includes what user and group own a particular file. The easiest way to see this
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information is with the <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> command:</p>
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<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
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<tr>
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<td>
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<pre class="SCREEN">
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<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l /usr/bin/wc</kbd>
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-rwxr-xr-x 1 root bin 7368 Jul 30 1999 /usr/bin/wc
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</pre>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>We are interested in the third and fourth columns. These contain the username and
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group name that owns this file. We see that the user “<tt
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class="USERNAME">root</tt>” and the group “<tt
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class="USERNAME">bin</tt>” own this file.</p>
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<p>We can easily change the file owners with the <tt class="COMMAND">chown</tt>(1) (which
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means “change owner”) and <tt class="COMMAND">chgrp</tt>(1) (which means
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“change group”) commands. To change the file owner to <tt
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class="USERNAME">daemon</tt>, we would use <tt class="COMMAND">chown</tt>:</p>
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<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
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<tr>
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<td>
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<pre class="SCREEN">
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<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">chown daemon /usr/bin/wc</kbd>
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</pre>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>To change the group owner to “<tt class="USERNAME">root</tt>”, we would
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use <tt class="COMMAND">chgrp</tt>:</p>
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<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
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<tr>
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<td>
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<pre class="SCREEN">
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<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">chgrp root /usr/bin/wc</kbd>
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</pre>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>We can also use <tt class="COMMAND">chown</tt> to specify the user and group owners
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for a file:</p>
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<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
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<tr>
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<td>
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<pre class="SCREEN">
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<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">chown daemon:root /usr/bin/wc</kbd>
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</pre>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p>In the above example, the user could have used a period instead of a colon. The result
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would have been the same; however, the colon is considered better form. Use of the period
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is deprecated and may be removed from future versions of <tt class="COMMAND">chown</tt>
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to allow usernames with periods in them. These usernames tend to be very popular with
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Windows Exchange Servers and are encountered most commonly in email addresses such as:
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<var class="LITERAL">mr.jones@example.com</var>. In slackware, administrators are advised
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to stay away from such usernames because some scripts still use the period to indicate
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the user and group of a file or directory. In our example, <tt class="COMMAND">chmod</tt>
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would interpret <var class="LITERAL">mr.jones</var> as user “mr” and group
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“jones”.</p>
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<p>File ownership is a very important part of using a Linux system, even if you are the
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only user. You sometimes need to fix ownerships on files and device nodes.</p>
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</div>
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<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
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