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Fri May 25 23:29:36 UTC 2018
patches/packages/glibc-zoneinfo-2018e-noarch-2_slack13.1.txz: Rebuilt. Handle removal of US/Pacific-New timezone. If we see that the machine is using this, it will be automatically switched to US/Pacific.
This commit is contained in:
Patrick J Volkerding
Eric Hameleers
parent
b76270bf9e
commit
329684b59b
1009 changed files with 102537 additions and 135892 deletions
3706
ChangeLog.txt
3706
ChangeLog.txt
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1880
FILELIST.TXT
1880
FILELIST.TXT
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22
GPG-KEY
22
GPG-KEY
|
|
@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
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security@slackware.com public key
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Type bits/keyID Date User ID
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pub 1024D/40102233 2003-02-26 Slackware Linux Project <security@slackware.com>
|
||||
sub 1024g/4E523569 2003-02-26 [expires: 2012-12-21]
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||||
pub 1024D/40102233 2003-02-26 [expires: 2038-01-19]
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uid Slackware Linux Project <security@slackware.com>
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sub 1024g/4E523569 2003-02-26 [expires: 2038-01-19]
|
||||
|
||||
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
|
||||
Version: GnuPG v1.2.1 (GNU/Linux)
|
||||
Version: GnuPG v1.4.12 (GNU/Linux)
|
||||
|
||||
mQGiBD5dIFQRBADB31WinbXdaGk/8RNkpnZclu1w3Xmd5ItACDLB2FhOhArw35EA
|
||||
MOYzxI0gRtDNWN4pn9n74q4HbFzyRWElThWRtBTYLEpImzrk7HYVCjMxjw5A0fTr
|
||||
|
|
@ -16,16 +16,16 @@ JIz4LAZ3+rI77rbn7gHHdp7CSAuV+QHv3aNanUD/KGz5SPSvF4w+5qRM4PfPNT1h
|
|||
LMV8BACzxiyX7vzeE4ZxNYvcuCtv0mvEHl9yD66NFA35RvXaO0QiRVYeoUa5JOQZ
|
||||
gwq+fIB0zgsEYDhXFkC1hM/QL4NccMRk8C09nFn4eiz4dAEnwKt4rLCJKhkLl1DW
|
||||
TSoXHe/dOXaLnFyLzB1J8hEYmUvw3SwPt//wMqDiVBLeZfFcdLQwU2xhY2t3YXJl
|
||||
IExpbnV4IFByb2plY3QgPHNlY3VyaXR5QHNsYWNrd2FyZS5jb20+iF8EExECAB8F
|
||||
Aj5dIFQFCRJ3owAECwcDAgMVAgMDFgIBAh4BAheAAAoJEGpEY8BAECIzee0An3My
|
||||
boalJ5nLePD0HCzMuf8Ix8gPAJ9lnU1wqNVGza0t89ACTurDoppQ2rkBDQQ+XSBV
|
||||
IExpbnV4IFByb2plY3QgPHNlY3VyaXR5QHNsYWNrd2FyZS5jb20+iF8EExECAB8E
|
||||
CwcDAgMVAgMDFgIBAh4BAheABQJQPlypBQlBo7MrAAoJEGpEY8BAECIzjOwAn3vp
|
||||
tb6K1v2wLI9eVlnCdx4m1btpAJ9sFt4KwJrEdiO5wFC4xe9G4eZl4rkBDQQ+XSBV
|
||||
EAQA3VYlpPyRKdOKoM6t1SwNG0YgVFSvxy/eiratBf7misDBsJeH86Pf8H9OfVHO
|
||||
cqscLiC+iqvDgqeTUX9vASjlnvcoS/3H5TDPlxiifIDggqd2euNtJ8+lyXRBV6yP
|
||||
sBIA6zki9cR4zphe48hKpSsDfj7uL5sfyc2UmKKboSu3x7cAAwUD/1jmoLQs9bIt
|
||||
bTosoy+5+Uzrl0ShRlv+iZV8RPzAMFuRJNxUJkUmmThowtXRaPKFI9AVd+pP44aA
|
||||
J+zxCPtS2isiW20AxubJoBPpXcVatJWi4sG+TM5Z5VRoLg7tIDNVWsyHGXPAhIG2
|
||||
Y8Z1kyWwb4P8A/W2b1ZCqS7Fx4yEhTikiEwEGBECAAwFAj5dIFUFCRJ3owAACgkQ
|
||||
akRjwEAQIjM1uwCdE7V4mPCqdby/nV699NxKX0iW/OsAniaVhEip8Ptff74Sv4JV
|
||||
tb+Sth2l
|
||||
=H5uu
|
||||
Y8Z1kyWwb4P8A/W2b1ZCqS7Fx4yEhTikiEwEGBECAAwFAlA+XL8FCUGjs2IACgkQ
|
||||
akRjwEAQIjMsbQCgk59KFTbTlZfJ6FoZjjEmK3/xGR4AniYT+EdSdvEyRtZYkqWz
|
||||
p1ayvO1b
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||||
=tibb
|
||||
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
|
||||
|
|
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9358
READ_DVD.TXT
9358
READ_DVD.TXT
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|
|
@ -13,9 +13,5 @@ Your user account will need to be a member of the 'netdev' group
|
|||
in order to use wicd.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that urwid will need to be installed if you want to use the
|
||||
curses client.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, if you don't have kde installed, you won't have a graphical
|
||||
sudo client available; you might wish to consider ktsuss from
|
||||
SlackBuilds.org.
|
||||
|
||||
curses client. Also, if you don't have kde installed, you won't
|
||||
have a graphical sudo client available.
|
||||
|
|
|
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|
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@ -33,4 +33,5 @@ fi
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config etc/dbus-1/system.d/wicd.conf.new
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config etc/rc.d/rc.wicd.new
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config etc/wicd/manager-settings.conf.new
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config etc/logrotate.d/wicd.logrotate.new
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|
|
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|||
|
|
@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
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|||
revno: 554
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||||
committer: Andrew Psaltis <ampsaltis@gmail.com>
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branch nick: 1.6
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timestamp: Mon 2010-03-29 13:19:08 -0400
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message:
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Fixed typo in EAP-fast template, re-resolving bug 261804.
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=== modified file 'encryption/templates/eap'
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--- encryption/templates/eap 2009-03-01 02:52:27 +0000
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+++ encryption/templates/eap 2010-03-29 17:19:08 +0000
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@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
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proto=RSN WPA
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pairwise=CCMP TKIP
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group=CCMP TKIP
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- key-mgmt=WPA-EAP
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+ key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
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eap=FAST
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identity="$_USERNAME"
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password="$_PASSWORD"
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phase1="fast_provisioning=1"
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- pac-file="$_PAC_FILE"
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+ pac_file="$_PAC_FILE"
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}
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@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
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revno: 553
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committer: Andrew Psaltis <ampsaltis@gmail.com>
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branch nick: 1.6
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timestamp: Wed 2010-01-27 14:06:21 -0500
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message:
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Fixed bug in script macro expansion.
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=== modified file 'wicd/networking.py'
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--- wicd/networking.py 2010-01-15 04:02:10 +0000
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+++ wicd/networking.py 2010-01-27 19:06:21 +0000
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@@ -215,8 +215,8 @@
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if self.pre_disconnect_script:
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print 'Running pre-disconnect script'
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misc.ExecuteScript(expand_script_macros(self.pre_disconnect_script,
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- 'pre-disconnection', (mac,
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- name)),
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+ 'pre-disconnection',
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+ mac, name),
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self.debug)
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iface.ReleaseDHCP()
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iface.SetAddress('0.0.0.0')
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@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
|
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print 'Running post-disconnect script'
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misc.ExecuteScript(expand_script_macros(self.post_disconnect_script,
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'post-disconnection',
|
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- (mac, name)),
|
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+ mac, name),
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self.debug)
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|
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def ReleaseDHCP(self):
|
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|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
#!/bin/sh
|
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|
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# Copyright 2008-2010 Robby Workman Northport, AL, USA
|
||||
# Copyright 2008,2009,2010,2011,2012 Robby Workman Northport, AL, USA
|
||||
# All rights reserved.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Redistribution and use of this script, with or without modification, is
|
||||
|
|
@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
|
|||
# ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
|
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|
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PRGNAM=wicd
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VERSION=${VERSION:-1.7.0}
|
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BUILD=${BUILD:-2}
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VERSION=${VERSION:-1.7.2.1}
|
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BUILD=${BUILD:-1_slack13.1}
|
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|
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# Automatically determine architecture for build & packaging:
|
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if [ -z "$ARCH" ]; then
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|
|
@ -51,19 +51,22 @@ rm -rf $PKG
|
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mkdir -p $TMP $PKG
|
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cd $TMP
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rm -rf $PRGNAM-$VERSION
|
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tar xvf $CWD/$PRGNAM-$VERSION.tar.bz2 || exit 1
|
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tar xvf $CWD/$PRGNAM-$VERSION.tar.xz || exit 1
|
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cd $PRGNAM-$VERSION || exit 1
|
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chown -R root:root .
|
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|
||||
# Fix a couple of bugs that are addressed in the upstream bzr repo
|
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zcat $CWD/wicd-1.7.0-fix_EAP_fast_typo.diff.gz | patch -p0 --verbose || exit 1
|
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zcat $CWD/wicd-1.7.0-fix_script_bug.diff.gz | patch -p0 --verbose || exit 1
|
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|
||||
python setup.py configure \
|
||||
--lib=/usr/lib${LIBDIRSUFFIX}/wicd \
|
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--kdedir=/usr/share/autostart \
|
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--backends=/usr/lib${LIBDIRSUFFIX}/wicd/backends \
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|| exit 1
|
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|
||||
# Bypass the need for pybabel (thanks, dapal!)
|
||||
for pofile in $(find po/ -type f -name "*.po") ; do
|
||||
mkdir -p translations/$(basename ${pofile} .po)/LC_MESSAGES
|
||||
msgfmt -o translations/$(basename ${pofile} .po)/LC_MESSAGES/wicd.mo ${pofile}
|
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done
|
||||
|
||||
python setup.py install --root=$PKG || exit 1
|
||||
|
||||
# Handle some Slackware defaults
|
||||
|
|
@ -75,8 +78,9 @@ dhcp_client = 2
|
|||
sudo_app = 2
|
||||
EOF
|
||||
|
||||
# Don't clobber dbus config on upgrade
|
||||
# Don't clobber configs on upgrade
|
||||
mv $PKG/etc/dbus-1/system.d/wicd.conf $PKG/etc/dbus-1/system.d/wicd.conf.new
|
||||
mv $PKG/etc/logrotate.d/wicd.logrotate $PKG/etc/logrotate.d/wicd.logrotate.new
|
||||
mv $PKG/etc/rc.d/rc.wicd $PKG/etc/rc.d/rc.wicd.new
|
||||
|
||||
# Compress the man pages and add a bit to the package docs
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -13,9 +13,5 @@ Your user account will need to be a member of the 'netdev' group
|
|||
in order to use wicd.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that urwid will need to be installed if you want to use the
|
||||
curses client.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, if you don't have kde installed, you won't have a graphical
|
||||
sudo client available; you might wish to consider ktsuss from
|
||||
SlackBuilds.org.
|
||||
|
||||
curses client. Also, if you don't have kde installed, you won't
|
||||
have a graphical sudo client available.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Binary file not shown.
|
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@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Preface" href="book-preface.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
<title></title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="LEGALNOTICE"><a id="TRADEMARKS" name="TRADEMARKS"></a>
|
||||
<p>Slackware Linux is a registered trademark of Patrick Volkerding and Slackware Linux,
|
||||
Inc.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>America Online and AOL are registered trademarks of America Online, Inc. in the United
|
||||
States and/or other countries.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Apple, FireWire, Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS, Quicktime, and TrueType are trademarks of
|
||||
Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>IBM, AIX, EtherJet, Netfinity, OS/2, PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, and ThinkPad are trademarks
|
||||
of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or
|
||||
both.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>IEEE, POSIX, and 802 are registered trademarks of Institute of Electrical and
|
||||
Electronics Engineers, Inc. in the United States.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Intel, Celeron, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium, and Xeon are trademarks or
|
||||
registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and
|
||||
other countries.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Microsoft, IntelliMouse, MS-DOS, Outlook, Windows, Windows Media and Windows NT are
|
||||
either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States
|
||||
and/or other countries.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Netscape and the Netscape Navigator are registered trademarks of Netscape
|
||||
Communications Corporation in the U.S. and other countries.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Red Hat, RPM, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. in the United
|
||||
States and other countries.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>XFree86 is a trademark of The XFree86 Project, Inc.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their
|
||||
products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this document, and
|
||||
Slackware Linux, Inc. was aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been
|
||||
followed by the “™” or the “®” symbol.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>bzip2</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Archive Files" href="archive-files.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Archive Files" href="archive-files.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="tar" href="archive-files-tar.html" />
|
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<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="archive-files.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 15 Archive Files</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="archive-files-tar.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="ARCHIVE-FILES-BZIP2" name="ARCHIVE-FILES-BZIP2">15.2 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">bzip2</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">bzip2</tt>(1) is an alternative compression program installed on
|
||||
Slackware Linux. It uses a different compression algorithm from <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">gzip</tt>, which results in some advantages and some disadvantages. The
|
||||
main advantage for <tt class="COMMAND">bzip2</tt> is the compressed file size. <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">bzip2</tt> will almost always compress better than <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">gzip</tt>. In some instances, this can result in dramatically smaller
|
||||
files. This can be a great advantage for people on slower modem connections. Also
|
||||
remember, when downloading software from a public ftp server, it's generally good
|
||||
netiquette to download the <tt class="FILENAME">.bz2</tt> files instead of the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">.gz</tt> files, as this results in less overhead for the generous people
|
||||
hosting the server.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The disadvantage to <tt class="COMMAND">bzip2</tt> is that it is more CPU intensive
|
||||
than <tt class="COMMAND">gzip</tt>. This means that bzipping a file will generally take
|
||||
longer and will use more of the CPU than gzipping the file would. When considering which
|
||||
compression program to use, you must weigh this speed vs. compressed size and determine
|
||||
which is more important.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The usage of <tt class="COMMAND">bzip2</tt> is nearly identical to <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">gzip</tt>, so not much time will be spent discussing it. Like <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">gunzip</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">bunzip2</tt> is identical to <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">bzip2 -d</tt>. The primary difference in practical usage is that <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">bzip2</tt> uses the <tt class="FILENAME">.bz2</tt> extension.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">bzip2 <var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">filename</var></kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">bunzip2 <var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">filename.bz2</var></kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">bzip2 -9 <var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">filename</var></kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="archive-files.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="archive-files-tar.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Archive Files</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="archive-files.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,232 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>tar</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Archive Files" href="archive-files.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="bzip2" href="archive-files-bzip2.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="zip" href="archive-files-zip.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="archive-files-bzip2.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 15 Archive Files</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="archive-files-zip.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="ARCHIVE-FILES-TAR" name="ARCHIVE-FILES-TAR">15.3 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">tar</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt>(1) is the GNU tape archiver. It takes several files or
|
||||
directories and creates one large file. This allows you to compress an entire directory
|
||||
tree, which is impossible by just using <tt class="COMMAND">gzip</tt> or <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">bzip2</tt>. <tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt> has many command line options,
|
||||
which are explained in its man page. This section will just cover the most common uses of
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The most common use for <tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt> is to decompress and unarchive a
|
||||
package that you've downloaded from a web site or ftp site. Most files will come with a
|
||||
<tt class="FILENAME">.tar.gz</tt> extension. This is commonly known as a
|
||||
“tarball”. It means that several files were archived using <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">tar</tt> and then compressed using <tt class="COMMAND">gzip</tt>. You
|
||||
might also see this listed as a <tt class="FILENAME">.tar.Z</tt> file. It means the same
|
||||
thing, but this is usually encountered on older Unix systems.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Alternatively, you might find a <tt class="FILENAME">.tar.bz2</tt> file somewhere.
|
||||
Kernel source is distributed as such because it is a smaller download. As you might have
|
||||
guessed, this is several files archived with <tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt> and then
|
||||
bzipped.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can get to all the files in this archive by making use of <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">tar</tt> and some command line arguments. Unarchiving a tarball makes use
|
||||
of the <var class="OPTION">-z</var> flag, which means to first run the file through <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">gunzip</tt> and decompress it. The most common way to decompress a
|
||||
tarball is like so:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">tar -xvzf filename.tar.gz</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>That's quite a few options. So what do they all mean? The <var class="OPTION">-x</var>
|
||||
means to extract. This is important, as it tells <tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt> exactly
|
||||
what to do with the input file. In this case, we'll be splitting it back up into all the
|
||||
files that it came from. <var class="OPTION">-v</var> means to be verbose. This will list
|
||||
all the files that are being unarchived. It is perfectly acceptable to leave this option
|
||||
off, if somewhat boring. Alternatively, you could use <var class="OPTION">-vv</var> to be
|
||||
very verbose and list even more information about each file being unarchived. The <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">-z</var> option tells <tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt> to run <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">filename.tar.gz</tt> through <tt class="COMMAND">gunzip</tt> first. And
|
||||
finally, the <var class="OPTION">-f</var> option tells <tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt> that
|
||||
the next string on the command line is the file to operate on.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There are a few other ways to write this same command. On older systems lacking a
|
||||
decent copy of GNU <tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt>, you might see it written like so:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">gunzip filename.tar.gz | tar -xvf -</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This command line will uncompress the file and send the output to <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">tar</tt>. Since <tt class="COMMAND">gzip</tt> will write its output to
|
||||
standard out if told to do so, this command will write the decompressed file to standard
|
||||
out. The pipe then sends it to <tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt> for unarchiving. The
|
||||
“-” means to operate on standard input. It will unarchive the stream of data
|
||||
that it gets from <tt class="COMMAND">gzip</tt> and write that to the disk.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Another way to write the first command line is to leave off the dash before the
|
||||
options, like so:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">tar xvzf filename.tar.gz</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You might also encounter a bzipped archive. The version of <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">tar</tt> that comes with Slackware Linux can handle these the same as
|
||||
gzipped archives. Instead of the <var class="OPTION">-z</var> command line option, you'd
|
||||
use <var class="OPTION">-j</var>:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">tar -xvjf filename.tar.bz2</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It is important to note that <tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt> will place the unarchived
|
||||
files in the current directory. So, if you had an archive in <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/tmp</tt> that you wanted to decompress into your home directory, there
|
||||
are a few options. First, the archive could be moved into your home directory and then
|
||||
run through <tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt>. Second, you could specify the path to the
|
||||
archive file on the command line. Third, you can use the <var class="OPTION">-C</var>
|
||||
option to “explode” the tarball in a specified directory.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd $HOME</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cp /tmp/filename.tar.gz .</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">tar -xvzf filename.tar.gz</kbd>
|
||||
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd $HOME</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">tar -xvzf /tmp/filename.tar.gz</kbd>
|
||||
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">tar -xvzf /tmp/filename.tar.gz -C $HOME</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>All the above statements are equivalent. In each case, the archive is unpacked inside
|
||||
your home directory and the original uncompressed archive is left in place.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>So what good is being able to uncompress these archives if you can't make them? Well,
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt> handles that too. In most cases it's as easy as removing the
|
||||
“<var class="OPTION">-x</var>” option and replacing it with the “<var
|
||||
class="OPTION">-c</var>” option.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">tar -cvzf filename.tar.gz .</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In this command line, the <var class="OPTION">-c</var> option tells <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">tar</tt> to create an archive, while the <var class="OPTION">-z</var>
|
||||
option runs the resulting archive file through <tt class="COMMAND">gzip</tt> to compress
|
||||
it. <tt class="FILENAME">filename.tar.gz</tt> is the file that you want to create.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Specifying the “<var class="OPTION">-f</var>” option isn't always
|
||||
necessary, but is typically good practice anyway. Without it, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">tar</tt> writes to standard output, which is usually desired for piping
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt>'s output to another program, like so.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">tar -cv filename.tar . | gpg --encrypt</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>That command creates an non-compressed tar archive of the current directory, pipes the
|
||||
tarball through <tt class="COMMAND">gpg</tt> which encrypts and compresses the tarball,
|
||||
making it realistically impossible to read by anyone other than the person knowing the
|
||||
secret key.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="archive-files-bzip2.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="archive-files-zip.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><tt class="COMMAND">bzip2</tt></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="archive-files.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><tt class="COMMAND">zip</tt></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>zip</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Archive Files" href="archive-files.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="tar" href="archive-files-tar.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Vi" href="vi.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="archive-files-tar.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 15 Archive Files</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="vi.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="ARCHIVE-FILES-ZIP" name="ARCHIVE-FILES-ZIP">15.4 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">zip</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Finally, there are two utilities that can be used on zip files. These are very common
|
||||
in the Windows world, so Linux has programs to deal with them. The compression program is
|
||||
called <tt class="COMMAND">zip</tt>(1), and the decompression program is called <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">unzip</tt>(1).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">zip foo *</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This will create the file <tt class="FILENAME">foo.zip</tt>, which will contain all
|
||||
the files in the current directory. <tt class="COMMAND">zip</tt> will add the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">.zip</tt> extension automatically, so there's no need to include that in
|
||||
the file name. You can also recurse through the current directory, zipping up any
|
||||
directories that are also laying around:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">zip -r foo *</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Decompressing files is easy, as well.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">unzip foo.zip</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This will extract all the files in the file <tt class="FILENAME">foo.zip</tt>,
|
||||
including any directories in the archive.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">zip</tt> utilities have several advanced options for creating
|
||||
self-extracting archives, leaving out files, controlling compressed file size, printing
|
||||
out what will happen, and much more. See the man pages for <tt class="COMMAND">zip</tt>
|
||||
and <tt class="COMMAND">unzip</tt> to find out how to use these options.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="archive-files-tar.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="vi.html" accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="archive-files.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Vi</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Archive Files</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Keeping Current" href="security-current.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="bzip2" href="archive-files-bzip2.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="CHAPTER" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="security-current.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom"></td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="archive-files-bzip2.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="CHAPTER">
|
||||
<h1><a id="ARCHIVE-FILES" name="ARCHIVE-FILES"></a>Chapter 15 Archive Files</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TOC">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>15.1 <a href="archive-files.html#ARCHIVE-FILES-GZIP"><tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">gzip</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>15.2 <a href="archive-files-bzip2.html"><tt class="COMMAND">bzip2</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>15.3 <a href="archive-files-tar.html"><tt class="COMMAND">tar</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>15.4 <a href="archive-files-zip.html"><tt class="COMMAND">zip</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="ARCHIVE-FILES-GZIP" name="ARCHIVE-FILES-GZIP">15.1 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">gzip</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">gzip</tt>(1) is the GNU compression program. It takes a single
|
||||
file and compresses it. The basic usage is as follows:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">gzip <var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">filename</var></kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The resulting file will be named <tt class="FILENAME"><var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">filename</var>.gz</tt> and will usually be smaller than the input
|
||||
file. Note that <tt class="FILENAME">filename.gz</tt> will replace <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">filename</tt>. This means that <tt class="FILENAME">filename</tt> will
|
||||
no longer exist, even though a gzipped copy will. Regular text files will compress
|
||||
nicely, while jpeg images, mp3s, and other such files will not compress too well as they
|
||||
are already compressed. This basic usage is a balance of final file size and compression
|
||||
time. The maximum compression can be achieved like so:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">gzip -9 <var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">filename</var></kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This will take a longer time to compress the file, but the result will be as small as
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">gzip</tt> can make it. Using lower values for the command line option
|
||||
will cause it to compress faster, but the file will not be as compressed.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Decompressing gzipped files can be done using two commands, which are really just the
|
||||
same program. <tt class="COMMAND">gzip</tt> will decompress any file with a recognized
|
||||
file extension. A recognized extension can be any of the following: <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">.gz</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">-gz</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">.z</tt>,
|
||||
<tt class="FILENAME">-z</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">.Z</tt>, or <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">-Z</tt>. The first method is to call <tt class="COMMAND">gunzip</tt>(1)
|
||||
on a file, like so:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">gunzip <var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">filename.gz</var></kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This will leave a decompressed version of infile in the current directory, and the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">.gz</tt> extension will be stripped from the filename. <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">gunzip</tt> is really part of <tt class="COMMAND">gzip</tt> and is
|
||||
identical to <tt class="COMMAND">gzip -d</tt>. As such, <tt class="COMMAND">gzip</tt> is
|
||||
often pronounced <tt class="COMMAND">gunzip</tt>, as that name just sounds cooler.
|
||||
:^)</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="security-current.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="archive-files-bzip2.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Keeping Current</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><tt class="COMMAND">bzip2</tt></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,181 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>DNS Tools</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Basic Network Commands" href="basic-network-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="traceroute" href="basic-network-commands-traceroute.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="finger" href="basic-network-commands-finger.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a
|
||||
href="basic-network-commands-traceroute.html" accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 13 Basic Network Commands</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a
|
||||
href="basic-network-commands-finger.html" accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-DNS"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-DNS">13.3 DNS Tools</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Domain Name Service (DNS for short) is that magical protocol that allows your computer
|
||||
to turn meaningless domain names like www.slackware.com into meaningful IP address like
|
||||
<tt class="HOSTID">64.57.102.34</tt>. Computers can't route packets to www.slackware.com,
|
||||
but they can route packets to that domain name's IP address. This gives us a convenient
|
||||
way to remember machines. Without DNS we'd have to keep a mental database of just what IP
|
||||
address belongs to what computer, and that's assuming the IP address doesn't change.
|
||||
Clearly using names for computers is better, but how do we map names to IP addresses?</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN4475" name="AEN4475">13.3.1 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">host</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">host</tt>(1) can do this for us. <tt class="COMMAND">host</tt> is
|
||||
used to map names to IP addresses. It is a very quick and simple utility without a lot of
|
||||
functions.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">host www.slackware.com</kbd>
|
||||
www.slackware.com is an alias for slackware.com.
|
||||
slackware.com has address 64.57.102.34
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>But let's say for some reason we want to map an IP address to a domain name; what
|
||||
then?</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN4487" name="AEN4487">13.3.2 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">nslookup</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">nslookup</tt> is a tried and true program that has weathered the
|
||||
ages. <tt class="COMMAND">nslookup</tt> has been deprecated and may be removed from
|
||||
future releases. There is not even a man page for this program.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">nslookup 64.57.102.34</kbd>
|
||||
Note: nslookup is deprecated and may be removed from future releases.
|
||||
Consider using the `dig' or `host' programs instead. Run nslookup with
|
||||
the `-sil[ent]' option to prevent this message from appearing.
|
||||
Server: 192.168.1.254
|
||||
Address: 192.168.1.254#53
|
||||
|
||||
Non-authoritative answer:
|
||||
www.slackware.com canonical name = slackware.com.
|
||||
Name: slackware.com
|
||||
Address: 64.57.102.34
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN4496" name="AEN4496">13.3.3 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">dig</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The meanest dog in the pound, the domain information groper, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">dig</tt>(1) for short, is the go-to program for finding DNS information.
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">dig</tt> can grab just about anything from a DNS server including
|
||||
reverse lookups, A, CNAME, MX, SP, and TXT records. <tt class="COMMAND">dig</tt> has many
|
||||
command line options and if you're not familiar with it you should read through it's
|
||||
extensive man page.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">dig @192.168.1.254 www.slackware.com mx</kbd>
|
||||
|
||||
; <<>> DiG 9.2.2 <<>> @192.168.1.254 www.slackware.com mx
|
||||
;; global options: printcmd
|
||||
;; Got answer:
|
||||
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 26362
|
||||
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 2
|
||||
|
||||
;; QUESTION SECTION:
|
||||
;www.slackware.com. IN MX
|
||||
|
||||
;; ANSWER SECTION:
|
||||
www.slackware.com. 76634 IN CNAME slackware.com.
|
||||
slackware.com. 86400 IN MX 1 mail.slackware.com.
|
||||
|
||||
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
|
||||
slackware.com. 86400 IN NS ns1.cwo.com.
|
||||
slackware.com. 86400 IN NS ns2.cwo.com.
|
||||
|
||||
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
|
||||
ns1.cwo.com. 163033 IN A 64.57.100.2
|
||||
ns2.cwo.com. 163033 IN A 64.57.100.3
|
||||
|
||||
;; Query time: 149 msec
|
||||
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.254#53(192.168.1.254)
|
||||
;; WHEN: Sat Nov 6 16:59:31 2004
|
||||
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 159
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This should give you an idea how <tt class="COMMAND">dig</tt> works.
|
||||
“@192.168.1.254” specifies the dns server to use.
|
||||
“www.slackware.com” is the domain name I am performing a lookup on, and
|
||||
“mx” is the type of lookup I am performing. The above query tells me that
|
||||
e-mail to <tt class="HOSTID">www.slackware.com</tt> will instead be sent to <tt
|
||||
class="HOSTID">mail.slackware.com</tt> for delivery.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a
|
||||
href="basic-network-commands-traceroute.html" accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-finger.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><tt class="COMMAND">traceroute</tt></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><tt class="COMMAND">finger</tt></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,241 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>email</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Basic Network Commands" href="basic-network-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="The Secure shell" href="basic-network-commands-ssh.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Browsers" href="basic-network-commands-web.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands-ssh.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 13 Basic Network Commands</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands-web.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL">13.7 email</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Electronic mail is one of the most popular things one can do on the Internet. In 1998,
|
||||
it was reported that more electronic mail was sent than regular mail. It is indeed common
|
||||
and useful.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Under Slackware, we provide a standard mail server, and several mail clients. All of
|
||||
the clients discussed below are text-based. A lot of Windows users may be against this,
|
||||
but you will find that a text based client is very convenient, especially when checking
|
||||
mail remotely. Fear not, there are many graphical e-mail clients such as KDE's Kmail. If
|
||||
you wish to use one of those check its help menu.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-PINE"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-PINE">13.7.1 <tt class="COMMAND">pine</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">pine</tt>(1) is not <tt class="COMMAND">elm</tt>. Or so the saying
|
||||
goes. The University of Washington created their program for Internet news and email out
|
||||
of a need for an easy mail reader for their students. <tt class="COMMAND">pine</tt> is
|
||||
one of the most popular email clients in use today and is available for nearly every
|
||||
flavor of Unix and even Windows.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="FIGURE"><a id="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-PINE"
|
||||
name="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-PINE"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Figure 13-2. The Pine main menu</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><img src="basic-network-commands/pine.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You will see a menu of commands and a row of command keys at the bottom. <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">pine</tt> is indeed a complex program, so we will not discuss every
|
||||
feature about it here.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To see what's in your inbox, type <kbd class="USERINPUT">i</kbd>. Your messages are
|
||||
listed with their date, author, and subject. Highlight the message you want and press
|
||||
<kbd class="USERINPUT">enter</kbd> to view it. Pressing <kbd class="USERINPUT">r</kbd>
|
||||
will start a reply to the message. Once you have written the response, type <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Ctrl</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">X</b> to send it. You can press <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">i</kbd> to get back to the message listing.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you want to delete a message, press <kbd class="USERINPUT">d</kbd>. It will mark
|
||||
the highlighted message for deletion. <tt class="COMMAND">pine</tt> deletes the mail when
|
||||
you exit the program. <tt class="COMMAND">pine</tt> also lets you store your mail in
|
||||
folders. You can get a listing of folders by pressing <kbd class="USERINPUT">l</kbd>. At
|
||||
the message listing, press <kbd class="USERINPUT">s</kbd> to save it to another folder.
|
||||
It will ask for the folder name to write the message to.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">pine</tt> offers many, many features; you should definitely have a
|
||||
look at the man page for more information. It will contain the latest information about
|
||||
the program.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-ELM"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-ELM">13.7.2 <tt class="COMMAND">elm</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">elm</tt>(1) is another popular text-based email client. Though not
|
||||
quite as user friendly as <tt class="COMMAND">pine</tt>, it's definitely been around a
|
||||
lot longer.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="FIGURE"><a id="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-ELM"
|
||||
name="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-ELM"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Figure 13-3. Elm main screen</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><img src="basic-network-commands/elm.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>By default, you are placed in your inbox. The messages are listed with the message
|
||||
number, date, sender, and subject. Use the arrow keys to highlight the message you want.
|
||||
Press <kbd class="USERINPUT">Enter</kbd> to read the message.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To compose a new message, type <kbd class="USERINPUT">m</kbd> at the main screen. The
|
||||
<kbd class="USERINPUT">d</kbd> key will flag a message for deletion. And the <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">r</kbd> key will reply to the current message you are reading. All of
|
||||
these keys are displayed at the bottom of the screen with a prompt.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The man page discusses <tt class="COMMAND">elm</tt> in more detail, so you will
|
||||
probably want to consult that before using <tt class="COMMAND">elm</tt>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-MUTT"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-MUTT">13.7.3 <tt class="COMMAND">mutt</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>“All mail clients suck. This one just sucks less.” <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">mutt</tt>'s original interface was based on <tt class="COMMAND">elm</tt>
|
||||
with added features found in other popular mailclients, resulting in a hybrid mutt.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Some of <tt class="COMMAND">mutt</tt>'s features include:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>color support</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>message threading</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>MIME and PGP/MIME support</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>pop3 and imap support</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>support for multiple mailbox formats (mbox, MMDF, MH, maildir)</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">highly</i></span> customizable</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="FIGURE"><a id="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-MUTT"
|
||||
name="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-MUTT"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Figure 13-4. Mutt main screen</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><img src="basic-network-commands/mutt.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>if you're looking for a mail client that will let you be in total control over
|
||||
everything, then you will like <tt class="COMMAND">mutt</tt>. all the default settings
|
||||
can be customized, keybindings can be changed. if you like to add a macro, you can.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>you probably want to take a look at the <tt class="FILENAME">muttrc</tt> manpage,
|
||||
which will tell you how to configure everything. or take a look at the included example
|
||||
<tt class="FILENAME">muttrc</tt> file.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-NAIL"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-EMAIL-NAIL">13.7.4 <tt class="COMMAND">nail</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">nail</tt>(1) is a command line driven mail client. It is very
|
||||
primitive and offers pretty much nothing in the way of user interfaces. However, mailx is
|
||||
handy for times when you need to quickly mail something, scripting a bulk mailer, testing
|
||||
your MTA installation or something similar. Note that Slackware creates symbolic links to
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">nail</tt> at <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/bin/mail</tt> and <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/usr/bin/mailx</tt>. Any of these three commands executes the same
|
||||
program. In fact, you will most likely see <tt class="COMMAND">nail</tt> referred to as
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">mail</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The basic command line is:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">mailx <subject> <to-addr></kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">mailx</tt> reads the message body from standard input. So you can
|
||||
cat a file into this command to mail it, or you can just type text and hit <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Ctrl</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">D</b> when finished with the message.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Here is an example of mailing a program source file to another person.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">cat randomfunc.c | mail -s "Here's that function" asdf@example.net</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The man page explains more of what <tt class="COMMAND">nail</tt> can do, so you will
|
||||
probably want to have a look at that before using it.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-ssh.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-web.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">The Secure shell</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Browsers</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>finger</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Basic Network Commands" href="basic-network-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="DNS Tools" href="basic-network-commands-dns.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="telnet" href="basic-network-commands-telnet.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands-dns.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 13 Basic Network Commands</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a
|
||||
href="basic-network-commands-telnet.html" accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-FINGER"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-FINGER">13.4 <tt class="COMMAND">finger</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">finger</tt>(1) will retrieve information about the specified user.
|
||||
You give finger a username or an email address and it will try to contact the necessary
|
||||
server and retrieve the username, office, telephone number, and other pieces of
|
||||
information. Here is an example:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">finger johnc@idsoftware.com</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">finger</tt> can return the username, mail status, phone numbers,
|
||||
and files referred to as “dot plan” and “dot project”. Of course,
|
||||
the information returned varies with each <tt class="COMMAND">finger</tt> server. The one
|
||||
included with Slackware returns the following information by default:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Username</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Room number</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Home phone number</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Work phone number</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Login status</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Email status</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Contents of the <tt class="FILENAME">.plan</tt> file in the user's home directory</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Contents of the <tt class="FILENAME">.project</tt> file in the user's home
|
||||
directory</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The first four items can be set with the <tt class="COMMAND">chfn</tt> command. It
|
||||
stores those values in the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/passwd</tt> file. To change the
|
||||
information in your <tt class="FILENAME">.plan</tt> or <tt class="FILENAME">.project</tt>
|
||||
file, just edit them with your favorite text editor. They must reside in your home
|
||||
directory and must be called <tt class="FILENAME">.plan</tt> and <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">.project</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Many users <tt class="COMMAND">finger</tt> their own account from a remote machine to
|
||||
quickly see if they have new email. Or, you can see a user's plan or current project.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Like many commands, <tt class="COMMAND">finger</tt> has options. Check the man page
|
||||
for more information on what special options you can use.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-dns.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-telnet.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">DNS Tools</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><tt class="COMMAND">telnet</tt></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,279 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>FTP Clients</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Basic Network Commands" href="basic-network-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Browsers" href="basic-network-commands-web.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Talking to Other People"
|
||||
href="basic-network-commands-talk.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands-web.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 13 Basic Network Commands</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands-talk.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-FTP"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-FTP">13.9 FTP Clients</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>FTP stands for the File Transfer Protocol. It allows you to send and receive files
|
||||
between two computers. There is the FTP server and the FTP client. We discuss the client
|
||||
in this section.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>For the curious, the “client” is you. The “server” is the
|
||||
computer that answers your FTP request and lets you login. You will download files from
|
||||
and upload files to the server. The client cannot accept FTP connections, it can only
|
||||
connect to servers.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN4871" name="AEN4871">13.9.1 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ftp</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To connect to an FTP server, simply run the <tt class="COMMAND">ftp</tt>(1) command
|
||||
and specify the host:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ftp <hostname> [port]</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the host is running an FTP server, it will ask for a username and password. You can
|
||||
log in as yourself or as “anonymous”. Anonymous FTP sites are very popular
|
||||
for software archives. For example, to get Slackware Linux via FTP, you must use
|
||||
anonymous FTP.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Once connected, you will be at the <var class="LITERAL">ftp></var> prompt. There
|
||||
are special commands for FTP, but they are similar to other standard commands. The
|
||||
following shows some of the basic commands and what they do:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TABLE"><a id="AEN4883" name="AEN4883"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Table 13-1. <tt class="COMMAND">ftp</tt> commands</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" frame="void" class="CALSTABLE">
|
||||
<col width="1*" />
|
||||
<col width="3*" />
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th>Command</th>
|
||||
<th>Purpose</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt></td>
|
||||
<td>List files</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">cd <dirname></tt></td>
|
||||
<td>Change directory</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">bin</tt></td>
|
||||
<td>Set binary transfer mode</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">ascii</tt></td>
|
||||
<td>Set ASCII transfer mode</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">get <filename></tt></td>
|
||||
<td>Download a file</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">put <filename></tt></td>
|
||||
<td>Upload a file</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">hash</tt></td>
|
||||
<td>Toggle hash mark stats indicator</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">tick</tt></td>
|
||||
<td>Toggle byte counter indicator</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">prom</tt></td>
|
||||
<td>Toggle interactive mode for downloads</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">mget <mask></tt></td>
|
||||
<td>Download a file or group of files; wildcards are allowed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">mput <mask></tt></td>
|
||||
<td>Upload a file or group of files; wildcards are allowed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">quit</tt></td>
|
||||
<td>Log off the FTP server</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can also use some of the following commands which are quite self-explanatory: <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">chmod</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">delete</tt>, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">rename</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">rmdir</tt>. For a complete list of all
|
||||
commands and their meaning, just type <kbd class="USERINPUT">help</kbd> or <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">?</kbd> and you'll see a complete listing on screen.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>FTP is a fairly simple program to use, but lacks the user interface that many of us
|
||||
are used to nowadays. The man page discusses some of the command line options for <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ftp</tt>(1).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
ftp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls *.TXT</kbd>
|
||||
200 PORT command successful.
|
||||
150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 100 18606 Apr 6 2002 BOOTING.TXT
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 100 10518 Jun 13 2002 COPYRIGHT.TXT
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 100 602 Apr 6 2002 CRYPTO_NOTICE.TXT
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 100 32431 Sep 29 02:56 FAQ.TXT
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 100 499784 Mar 3 19:29 FILELIST.TXT
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 100 241099 Mar 3 19:12 PACKAGES.TXT
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 100 12339 Jun 19 2002 README81.TXT
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 100 14826 Jun 17 2002 SPEAKUP_DOCS.TXT
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 100 15434 Jun 17 2002 SPEAK_INSTALL.TXT
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 100 2876 Jun 17 2002 UPGRADE.TXT
|
||||
226 Transfer complete.
|
||||
ftp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">tick</kbd>
|
||||
Tick counter printing on (10240 bytes/tick increment).
|
||||
ftp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">get README81.TXT</kbd>
|
||||
local: README81.TXT remote: README81.TXT
|
||||
200 PORT command successful.
|
||||
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for README81.TXT (12339 bytes).
|
||||
Bytes transferred: 12339
|
||||
226 Transfer complete.
|
||||
12339 bytes received in 0.208 secs (58 Kbytes/sec)
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-FTP-NCFTP"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-FTP-NCFTP">13.9.2 <tt class="COMMAND">ncftp</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">ncftp</tt>(1) (pronounced "Nik-F-T-P") is an alternative to the
|
||||
traditional ftp client that comes with Slackware. It is still a text-based program, but
|
||||
offers many advantages over <tt class="COMMAND">ftp</tt>, including:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Tab completion</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Bookmarks file</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>More liberal wildcard uses</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Command history</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>By default, <tt class="COMMAND">ncftp</tt> will try to log in anonymously to the
|
||||
server you specify. You can force <tt class="COMMAND">ncftp</tt> to present a login
|
||||
prompt with the “<var class="OPTION">-u</var>” option. Once logged in, you
|
||||
can use the same commands as in <tt class="COMMAND">ftp</tt>, only you'll notice a nicer
|
||||
interface, one that works more like <tt class="COMMAND">bash</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
ncftp /pub/linux/slackware > <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd slackware-current/</kbd>
|
||||
Please read the file README81.TXT
|
||||
it was last modified on Wed Jun 19 16:24:21 2002 - 258 days ago
|
||||
CWD command successful.
|
||||
ncftp ...ware/slackware-current > <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls</kbd>
|
||||
BOOTING.TXT FAQ.TXT bootdisks/
|
||||
CHECKSUMS FILELIST.TXT extra/
|
||||
CHECKSUMS.asc GPG-KEY isolinux/
|
||||
CHECKSUMS.md5 PACKAGES.TXT kernels/
|
||||
CHECKSUMS.md5.asc PRERELEASE_NOTES pasture/
|
||||
COPYING README81.TXT rootdisks/
|
||||
COPYRIGHT.TXT SPEEKUP_DOCS.TXT slackware/
|
||||
CRYPTO_NOTICE.TXT SPEEK_INSTALL.TXT source/
|
||||
CURRENT.WARNING Slackware-HOWTO
|
||||
ChangeLog.txt UPGRADE.TXT
|
||||
ncftp ...ware/slackware-current > <kbd class="USERINPUT">get README81.TXT</kbd>
|
||||
README81.TXT: 12.29 kB 307.07 kB/s
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-web.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-talk.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Browsers</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Talking to Other People</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>The Secure shell</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Basic Network Commands" href="basic-network-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="telnet" href="basic-network-commands-telnet.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="email" href="basic-network-commands-email.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands-telnet.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 13 Basic Network Commands</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands-email.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-SSH"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-SSH">13.6 The Secure shell</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Today, secure shell basks in the adoration that <tt class="COMMAND">telnet</tt> once
|
||||
enjoyed. <tt class="COMMAND">ssh</tt>(1) allows one to make a connection to a remote
|
||||
machine and execute programs as if one were physically present; however, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ssh</tt> encrypts all the data travelling between the two computers so
|
||||
even if others intercept the conversation, they are unable to understand it. A typical
|
||||
secure shell connection follows.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">ssh carrier.lizella.net -l alan</kbd>
|
||||
The authenticity of host 'carrier.lizella.net (192.168.1.253)' can't be
|
||||
established.
|
||||
RSA key fingerprint is 0b:e2:5d:43:4c:39:4f:8c:b9:85:db:b2:fa:25:e9:9d.
|
||||
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
|
||||
Warning: Permanently added 'carrier.lizella.net' (RSA) to the list of
|
||||
known hosts.
|
||||
Password: <kbd class="USERINPUT">password</kbd>
|
||||
Last login: Sat Nov 6 16:32:19 2004 from 192.168.1.102
|
||||
Linux 2.4.26-smp.
|
||||
alan@carrier:~$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l MANIFEST</kbd>
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 alan users 23545276 2004-10-28 20:04 MANIFEST
|
||||
alan@carrier:~$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">exit</kbd>
|
||||
logout
|
||||
Connection to carrier.lizella.net closed.
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There you see me making an ssh connection to <tt
|
||||
class="HOSTID">carrier.lizella.net</tt>, and checking the permissions on the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">MANIFEST</tt> file.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-telnet.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-email.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><tt class="COMMAND">telnet</tt></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">email</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,184 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Talking to Other People</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Basic Network Commands" href="basic-network-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="FTP Clients" href="basic-network-commands-ftp.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Security" href="security.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands-ftp.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 13 Basic Network Commands</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="security.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-TALK"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-TALK">13.10 Talking to Other People</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN4989" name="AEN4989">13.10.1 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">wall</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">wall</tt>(1) is a quick way to write a message to the users on a
|
||||
system. The basic syntax is:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">wall [file]</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This will result in the contents of [file] being displayed on the terminals of all
|
||||
currently logged in users. If you don't specify a file, wall will read from standard
|
||||
input, so you can just type your message, and end with <b class="KEYCAP">Ctrl</b>+<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">d</b>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">wall</tt> doesn't have many features, and apart from letting your
|
||||
users know that you're about to do some serious maintenance to the system, or even reboot
|
||||
it, so they have time to save their work and log off :)</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN5006" name="AEN5006">13.10.2 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">talk</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">talk</tt>(1) allows two users to chat. It splits the screen in
|
||||
half, horizontally. To request a chat with another user, use this command:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">talk <person> [ttyname]</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="FIGURE"><a id="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-TALK-TALK"
|
||||
name="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-TALK-TALK"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Figure 13-7. Two users in a <tt class="COMMAND">talk</tt> session</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><img src="basic-network-commands/talk.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you specify just a username, the chat request is assumed to be local, so only local
|
||||
users are queried. The ttyname is required if you want to ring a user on a specific
|
||||
terminal (if the user is logged in more than once). The required information for <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">talk</tt> can be obtained from the <tt class="COMMAND">w</tt>(1)
|
||||
command.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">talk</tt> can also ring users on remote hosts. For the username
|
||||
you simply specify an email address. <tt class="COMMAND">talk</tt> will try to contact
|
||||
that remote user on that host.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">talk</tt> is somewhat limited. It only supports two users and is
|
||||
half-duplex.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN5033" name="AEN5033">13.10.3 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ytalk</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">ytalk</tt>(1) is a backwards compatible replacement for <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">talk</tt>. It comes with Slackware as the <tt class="COMMAND">ytalk</tt>
|
||||
command. The syntax is similar, but has a few differences:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">ytalk <username>[#ttyname]</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="FIGURE"><a id="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-TALK-YTALK"
|
||||
name="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-TALK-YTALK"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Figure 13-8. Two users in a <tt class="COMMAND">ytalk</tt> session</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><img src="basic-network-commands/ytalk.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The username and terminal are specified the same as under talk, except you must put
|
||||
them together with the hash mark (#).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>ytalk offers several advantages:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>It supports more than two users.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>A menu of options that can be brought up anytime with <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">Esc</kbd>.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>You can shell out while still in the talk session.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Plus more...</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you're a server administrator, you'll want to make sure that the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ntalk</tt> port is enabled in <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/inetd.conf</tt>.
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">ytalk</tt> needs that to work properly.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-ftp.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="security.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">FTP Clients</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Security</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>telnet</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Basic Network Commands" href="basic-network-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="finger" href="basic-network-commands-finger.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="The Secure shell" href="basic-network-commands-ssh.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands-finger.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 13 Basic Network Commands</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands-ssh.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-TELNET"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-TELNET">13.5 <tt class="COMMAND">telnet</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Someone once stated that <tt class="COMMAND">telnet</tt>(1) was the coolest thing he
|
||||
had ever seen on computers. The ability to remotely log in and do stuff on another
|
||||
computer is what separates Unix and Unix-like operating systems from other operating
|
||||
systems.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">telnet</tt> allows you to log in to a computer, just as if you
|
||||
were sitting at the terminal. Once your username and password are verified, you are given
|
||||
a shell prompt. From here, you can do anything requiring a text console. Compose email,
|
||||
read newsgroups, move files around, and so on. If you are running X and you <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">telnet</tt> to another machine, you can run X programs on the remote
|
||||
computer and display them on yours.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To login to a remote machine, use this syntax:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">telnet <<var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">hostname</var>></kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the host responds, you will receive a login prompt. Give it your username and
|
||||
password. That's it. You are now at a shell. To quit your telnet session, use either the
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">exit</tt> command or the <tt class="COMMAND">logout</tt> command.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="WARNING">
|
||||
<table class="WARNING" width="100%" border="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="25" align="CENTER" valign="TOP"><img src="./imagelib/admon/warning.png"
|
||||
hspace="5" alt="Warning" /></td>
|
||||
<td align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">telnet</tt> does not encrypt the information it sends. Everything
|
||||
is sent in plain text, even passwords. It is not advisable to use <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">telnet</tt> over the Internet. Instead, consider the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">Secure Shell</tt>. It encrypts all traffic and is available for free.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN4593" name="AEN4593">13.5.1 The other use of telnet</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Now that we have convinced you not to use the telnet protocol anymore to log into a
|
||||
remote machine, we'll show you a couple of useful ways to use <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">telnet</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can also use the <tt class="COMMAND">telnet</tt> command to connect to a host on a
|
||||
certain port.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">telnet <<var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">hostname</var>> [port]</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This can be quite handy when you quickly need to test a certain service, and you need
|
||||
full control over the commands, and you need to see what exactly is going on. You can
|
||||
interactively test or use an SMTP server, a POP3 server, an HTTP server, etc. this
|
||||
way.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In the next figure you'll see how you can <tt class="COMMAND">telnet</tt> to a HTTP
|
||||
server on port 80, and get some basic information from it.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="FIGURE"><a id="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-TELNET-WEB"
|
||||
name="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-TELNET-WEB"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Figure 13-1. Telnetting to a webserver</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">telnet store.slackware.com 80</kbd>
|
||||
Trying 69.50.233.153...
|
||||
Connected to store.slackware.com.
|
||||
Escape character is '^]'.
|
||||
HEAD / HTTP/1.0
|
||||
|
||||
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||
Date: Mon, 25 Apr 2005 20:47:01 GMT
|
||||
Server: Apache/1.3.33 (Unix) mod_ssl/2.8.22 OpenSSL/0.9.7d
|
||||
Last-Modified: Fri, 18 Apr 2003 10:58:54 GMT
|
||||
ETag: "193424-c0-3e9fda6e"
|
||||
Accept-Ranges: bytes
|
||||
Content-Length: 192
|
||||
Connection: close
|
||||
Content-Type: text/html
|
||||
|
||||
Connection closed by foreign host.
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can do the same for other plain-text protocols, as long as you know what port to
|
||||
connect to, and what the commands are.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-finger.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-ssh.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><tt class="COMMAND">finger</tt></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">The Secure shell</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>traceroute</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Basic Network Commands" href="basic-network-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Basic Network Commands" href="basic-network-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="DNS Tools" href="basic-network-commands-dns.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 13 Basic Network Commands</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands-dns.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-TRACEROUTE"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-TRACEROUTE">13.2 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">traceroute</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Slackware's <tt class="COMMAND">traceroute</tt>(8) command is a very useful network
|
||||
diagnostic tool. <tt class="COMMAND">traceroute</tt> displays each host that a packet
|
||||
travels through as it tries to reach its destination. You can see how many
|
||||
“hops” from the Slackware web site you are with this command:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">traceroute www.slackware.com</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Each host will be displayed, along with the response times at each host. Here is an
|
||||
example output:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">traceroute www.slackware.com</kbd>
|
||||
traceroute to www.slackware.com (204.216.27.13), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets
|
||||
1 zuul.tdn (192.168.1.1) 0.409 ms 1.032 ms 0.303 ms
|
||||
2 207.171.227.254 (207.171.227.254) 18.218 ms 32.873 ms 32.433 ms
|
||||
3 border-sf-2-0-4.sirius.com (205.134.230.254) 15.662 ms 15.731 ms 16.142 ms
|
||||
4 pb-nap.crl.net (198.32.128.20) 20.741 ms 23.672 ms 21.378 ms
|
||||
5 E0-CRL-SFO-03-E0X0.US.CRL.NET (165.113.55.3) 22.293 ms 21.532 ms 21.29 ms
|
||||
6 T1-CDROM-00-EX.US.CRL.NET (165.113.118.2) 24.544 ms 42.955 ms 58.443 ms
|
||||
7 www.slackware.com (204.216.27.13) 38.115 ms 53.033 ms 48.328 ms
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">traceroute</tt> is similar to <tt class="COMMAND">ping</tt> in
|
||||
that it uses ICMP packets. There are several options that you can specify with <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">traceroute</tt>. These options are explained in detail in the man
|
||||
page.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-dns.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Basic Network Commands</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">DNS Tools</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,215 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Browsers</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Basic Network Commands" href="basic-network-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="email" href="basic-network-commands-email.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="FTP Clients" href="basic-network-commands-ftp.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands-email.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 13 Basic Network Commands</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands-ftp.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-WEB"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-WEB">13.8 Browsers</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The first thing that people think about when they hear the word Internet is
|
||||
“surfing the net”. Or looking at websites using a web browser. This is
|
||||
probably by far the most popular use of the Internet for the average user.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Slackware provides popular graphical web browsers in the “XAP” series, as
|
||||
well as text mode browsers in the “N” series. We'll take a quick look at some
|
||||
of the most common options below.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN4776" name="AEN4776">13.8.1 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">lynx</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">lynx</tt>(1) is a text-based web browser. It is a very quick way
|
||||
of looking up something on the Internet. Sometimes graphics just get in the way if you
|
||||
know exactly what you're after.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To start <tt class="COMMAND">lynx</tt>, just type <tt class="COMMAND">lynx</tt> at the
|
||||
prompt:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">lynx</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="FIGURE"><a id="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-WEB-LYNX"
|
||||
name="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-WEB-LYNX"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Figure 13-5. Lynx default start page</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><img src="basic-network-commands/lynx.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You may want to specify a site for <tt class="COMMAND">lynx</tt> to open to:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">lynx http://www.slackware.com</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">lynx</tt> prints the command keys and what they do at the bottom
|
||||
of the screen. The up and down arrow keys move around the document, <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">Enter</kbd> selects the highlighted link, and the <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">left arrow</kbd> goes back to the previous page. Typing <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">d</kbd> will download the currently selected file. The <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">g</kbd> command brings up the Go prompt, where you can give <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">lynx</tt> a URL to open.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There are many other commands in <tt class="COMMAND">lynx</tt>. You can either consult
|
||||
the man page, or type <kbd class="USERINPUT">h</kbd> to get the help screen for more
|
||||
information.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN4813" name="AEN4813">13.8.2 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">links</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Just like <tt class="COMMAND">lynx</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">links</tt> is a textmode
|
||||
web browser, where you do all the navigation using the keyboard. However, when you press
|
||||
the <kbd class="USERINPUT">Esc</kbd> key, it will activate a very convenient pulldown
|
||||
menu on the top of the screen. This makes it very easy to use, without having to learn
|
||||
all the keyboard shortcuts. People who do not use a text browser every day will
|
||||
appreciate this feature.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">links</tt> seems to have better support for both frames and
|
||||
tables, when compared to <tt class="COMMAND">lynx</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="FIGURE"><a id="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-WEB-LINKS"
|
||||
name="FIG-BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-WEB-LINKS"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Figure 13-6. Links, with the file menu open</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><img src="basic-network-commands/links.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN4831" name="AEN4831">13.8.3 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">wget</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">wget</tt>(1) is a command line utility that will download files
|
||||
from a specified URL. While not an actual web-browser, <tt class="COMMAND">wget</tt> is
|
||||
used primarily to grab whole or partial web sites for offline viewing, or for fast
|
||||
download of single files from HTTP or FTP servers instead. The basic syntax is:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">wget <url></kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can also pass options. For example, this will download the Slackware web site:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">wget --recursive http://www.slackware.com</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">wget</tt> will create a <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">www.slackware.com</tt> directory and store the files in there, just as
|
||||
the site does.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">wget</tt> can also download files from FTP sites; just specify an
|
||||
FTP URL instead of an HTTP one.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">wget ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/wget/wget-1.8.2.tar.gz</kbd>
|
||||
--12:18:16-- ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/wget/wget-1.8.2.tar.gz
|
||||
=> `wget-1.8.2.tar.gz'
|
||||
Resolving ftp.gnu.org... done.
|
||||
Connecting to ftp.gnu.org[199.232.41.7]:21... connected.
|
||||
Logging in as anonymous ... Logged in!
|
||||
==> SYST ... done. ==> PWD ... done.
|
||||
==> TYPE I ... done. ==> CWD /gnu/wget ... done.
|
||||
==> PORT ... done. ==> RETR wget-1.8.2.tar.gz ... done.
|
||||
Length: 1,154,648 (unauthoritative)
|
||||
|
||||
100%[==================================>] 1,154,648 209.55K/s ETA 00:00
|
||||
|
||||
12:18:23 (209.55KB/s) - `wget-1.8.2.tar.gz' saved [1154648]
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">wget</tt> has many more options, which make it nice for site
|
||||
specific scripts (web site mirroring and so forth). The man page should be consulted for
|
||||
more information.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-email.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands-ftp.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">email</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">FTP Clients</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Basic Network Commands</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Shutting Down Properly"
|
||||
href="essential-sysadmin-shutdown.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="traceroute" href="basic-network-commands-traceroute.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="CHAPTER" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="essential-sysadmin-shutdown.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom"></td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a
|
||||
href="basic-network-commands-traceroute.html" accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="CHAPTER">
|
||||
<h1><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS" name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS"></a>Chapter 13 Basic
|
||||
Network Commands</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TOC">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>13.1 <a href="basic-network-commands.html#BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-PING"><tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ping</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>13.2 <a href="basic-network-commands-traceroute.html"><tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">traceroute</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>13.3 <a href="basic-network-commands-dns.html">DNS Tools</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>13.4 <a href="basic-network-commands-finger.html"><tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">finger</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>13.5 <a href="basic-network-commands-telnet.html"><tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">telnet</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>13.6 <a href="basic-network-commands-ssh.html">The Secure shell</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>13.7 <a href="basic-network-commands-email.html">email</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>13.8 <a href="basic-network-commands-web.html">Browsers</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>13.9 <a href="basic-network-commands-ftp.html">FTP Clients</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>13.10 <a href="basic-network-commands-talk.html">Talking to Other People</a></dt>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A network consists of several computers connected together. The network can be as
|
||||
simple as a few computers connected in your home or office, or as complicated as a large
|
||||
university network or even the entire Internet. When your computer is part of a network,
|
||||
you have access to those systems either directly or through services like mail and the
|
||||
web.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There are a variety of networking programs that you can use. Some are handy for
|
||||
performing diagnostics to see if everything is working properly. Others (like mail
|
||||
readers and web browsers) are useful for getting your work done and staying in contact
|
||||
with other people.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-PING"
|
||||
name="BASIC-NETWORK-COMMANDS-PING">13.1 <tt class="COMMAND">ping</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">ping</tt>(8) sends an ICMP <var class="LITERAL">ECHO_REQUEST</var>
|
||||
packet to the specified host. If the host responds, you get an ICMP packet back. Sound
|
||||
strange? Well, you can “ping” an IP address to see if a machine is alive. If
|
||||
there is no response, you know something is wrong. Here is an example conversation
|
||||
between two Linux users:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<a id="AEN4428" name="AEN4428"></a>
|
||||
<blockquote class="BLOCKQUOTE">
|
||||
<p class="LITERALLAYOUT"><span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">User
|
||||
A</i></span>: Loki's down again.<br />
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">User
|
||||
B</i></span>: Are you sure?<br />
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">User
|
||||
A</i></span>: Yeah, I tried pinging it, but there's no response.</p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It's instances like these that make <tt class="COMMAND">ping</tt> a very useful
|
||||
day-to-day command. It provides a very quick way to see if a machine is up and connected
|
||||
to the network. The basic syntax is:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ping www.slackware.com</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There are, of course, several options that can be specified. Check the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ping</tt>(1) man page for more information.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="essential-sysadmin-shutdown.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a
|
||||
href="basic-network-commands-traceroute.html" accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Shutting Down Properly</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><tt class="COMMAND">traceroute</tt></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
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@ -1,404 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Preface</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="An Introduction to Slackware Linux" href="introduction.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="PREFACE" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom"></td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="introduction.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="PREFACE">
|
||||
<h1><a id="BOOK-PREFACE" name="BOOK-PREFACE"></a>Preface</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<h1 class="BRIDGEHEAD"><a id="PREFACE-AUDIENCE" name="PREFACE-AUDIENCE"></a>Intended
|
||||
Audience</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The Slackware Linux operating system is a powerful platform for Intel-based computers.
|
||||
It is designed to be stable, secure, and functional as both a high-end server and
|
||||
powerful workstation.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This book is designed to get you started with the Slackware Linux operating system.
|
||||
It's not meant to cover every single aspect of the distribution, but rather to show what
|
||||
it is capable of and give you a basic working knowledge of the system.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>As you gain experience with Slackware Linux, we hope you find this book to be a handy
|
||||
reference. We also hope you'll lend it to all of your friends when they come asking about
|
||||
that cool Slackware Linux operating system you're running.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>While this book may not an edge-of-your-seat novel, we certainly tried to make it as
|
||||
entertaining as possible. With any luck, we'll get a movie deal. Of course, we also hope
|
||||
you are able to learn from it and find it useful.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>And now, on with the show.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h1 class="BRIDGEHEAD"><a id="PREFACE-CHANGES" name="PREFACE-CHANGES"></a>Changes from
|
||||
the First Edition</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This second edition is the culmination of years of hard work by the dedicated members
|
||||
of the Slackware Documentation Project. The following are the major changes in this new
|
||||
edition:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="installation.html">Chapter 3</a>, Installation, has been modified with new
|
||||
screenshots of the installer, and reflects changes in disk-sets, and CD installation.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="system-configuration.html">Chapter 4</a>, System Configuration, has been
|
||||
updated with new information about Linux 2.6.x kernels.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="network-configuration.html">Chapter 5</a>, Network Configuration, has been
|
||||
expanded with further explanation of Samba, NFS, and DHCP. A section on wireless
|
||||
networking has also been added. This chapter now reflects major changes in how Slackware
|
||||
handles network setup.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="x-window-system.html">Chapter 6</a>, X Window System, has been substantially
|
||||
rewritten for Xorg based systems. This chapter now also covers the xdm graphical login
|
||||
manager.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="basic-network-commands.html">Chapter 13</a>, Basic Network Commands, has been
|
||||
enhanced with information about additional network utilities.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="security.html">Chapter 14</a>, Security, is a new chapter with this edition.
|
||||
It explains how to keep a Slackware Linux system secure.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="emacs.html">Chapter 17</a>, Emacs, is a new chapter with this edition. It
|
||||
describes how to use Emacs, a powerful editor for Unix.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="package-management.html">Chapter 18</a>, Package Management, has been updated
|
||||
with information about SlackBuild scripts.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>There are many other changes, both minor and major, to reflect changes in Slackware as
|
||||
it has matured.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<h1 class="BRIDGEHEAD"><a id="PREFACE-ORGANIZATION"
|
||||
name="PREFACE-ORGANIZATION"></a>Organization of this Book</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="VARIABLELIST">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><a href="introduction.html">Chapter 1</a>, Introduction</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Provides introductory material on Linux, Slackware, and the Open Source and Free
|
||||
Software Movements.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="help.html">Chapter 2</a>, Help</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the help resources available on a Slackware Linux system and online.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="installation.html">Chapter 3</a>, Installation</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the installation process step-by-step with screenshots to provide an
|
||||
illustrative walk-through.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="system-configuration.html">Chapter 4</a>, System Configuration</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the important configuration files and covers kernel recompilation.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="network-configuration.html">Chapter 5</a>, Network Configuration</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes how to connect a Slackware Linux machine to a network. Covers TCP/IP,
|
||||
PPP/dial-up, wireless networking, and more.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="x-window-system.html">Chapter 6</a>, The X Window System</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes how to setup and use the graphical X Window System in Slackware.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="booting.html">Chapter 7</a>, Booting</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the process by which a computer boots into Slackware Linux. Also covers
|
||||
dual-booting with Microsoft Windows operating systems.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="shell.html">Chapter 8</a>, The Shell</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the powerful command line interface for Linux.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="filesystem-structure.html">Chapter 9</a>, Filesystem Structure</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the filesystem structure, including file ownership, permission, and
|
||||
linking.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="file-commands.html">Chapter 10</a>, Handling Files and Directories</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the commands used to manipulate files and directories from the command line
|
||||
interface.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="process-control.html">Chapter 11</a>, Process Control</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the powerful Linux process management commands used to manage multiple
|
||||
running applications.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="essential-sysadmin.html">Chapter 12</a>, Essential System
|
||||
Administration</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes basic system administration tasks such as adding and removing users,
|
||||
shutting down the system properly, and more.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="basic-network-commands.html">Chapter 13</a>, Basic Network Commands</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the collection of network clients included with Slackware.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="security.html">Chapter 14</a>, Security</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes many different tools available to help keep your Slackware system secure,
|
||||
including <tt class="COMMAND">iptables</tt> and <tt class="COMMAND">tcpwrappers</tt>.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="archive-files.html">Chapter 15</a>, Archive Files</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the different compression and archive utilities available for Linux.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="vi.html">Chapter 16</a>, vi</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the powerful <tt class="COMMAND">vi</tt> text editor.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="emacs.html">Chapter 17</a>, Emacs</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the powerful <tt class="COMMAND">Emacs</tt> text editor.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="package-management.html">Chapter 18</a>, Slackware Package Management</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the Slackware package utilities and the process used to create custom
|
||||
packages and tagfiles.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="zipslack.html">Chapter 19</a>, ZipSlack</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the ZipSlack version of Linux that can be used from Windows without
|
||||
requiring an installation.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="gpl.html">Appendix A</a>, The GNU General Public License</dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Describes the license terms under which Slackware Linux and this book can be copied
|
||||
and distributed.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h1 class="BRIDGEHEAD"><a id="PREFACE-CONV" name="PREFACE-CONV"></a>Conventions used in
|
||||
this book</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To provide a consistent and easy to read text, several conventions are followed
|
||||
throughout the book.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="BRIDGEHEAD"><a id="PREFACE-CONV-TYPOGRAPHIC"
|
||||
name="PREFACE-CONV-TYPOGRAPHIC"></a>Typographic Conventions</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="VARIABLELIST">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">Italic</i></span></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>An <span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">italic</i></span> font is used for
|
||||
commands, emphasized text, and the first usage of technical terms.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><var class="VARNAME">Monospace</var></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A <var class="VARNAME">monospaced</var> font is used for error messages, commands,
|
||||
environment variables, names of ports, hostnames, user names, group names, device names,
|
||||
variables, and code fragments.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b class="APPLICATION">Bold</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A <b class="APPLICATION">bold</b> font is used for user input in examples.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="BRIDGEHEAD"><a id="PREFACE-CONV-COMMANDS"
|
||||
name="PREFACE-CONV-COMMANDS"></a>User Input</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Keys are shown in <b class="KEYCAP">bold</b> to stand out from other text. Key
|
||||
combinations that are meant to be typed simultaneously are shown with `<var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">+</var>' between the keys, such as:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><b class="KEYCAP">Ctrl</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">Alt</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">Del</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Meaning the user should type the <b class="KEYCAP">Ctrl</b>, <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Alt</b>, and <b class="KEYCAP">Del</b> keys at the same time.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Keys that are meant to be typed in sequence will be separated with commas, for
|
||||
example:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><b class="KEYCAP">Ctrl</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">X</b>, <b class="KEYCAP">Ctrl</b>+<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">S</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Would mean that the user is expected to type the <b class="KEYCAP">Ctrl</b> and <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">X</b> keys simultaneously and then to type the <b class="KEYCAP">Ctrl</b>
|
||||
and <b class="KEYCAP">S</b> keys simultaneously.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="BRIDGEHEAD"><a id="PREFACE-CONV-EXAMPLES"
|
||||
name="PREFACE-CONV-EXAMPLES"></a>Examples</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Examples starting with <tt class="DEVICENAME">E:\></tt> indicate a <span
|
||||
class="TRADEMARK">MS-DOS</span>® command. Unless otherwise noted, these commands may
|
||||
be executed from a “Command Prompt” window in a modern <span
|
||||
class="TRADEMARK">Microsoft</span>® <span class="TRADEMARK">Windows</span>®
|
||||
environment.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">D:\></samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">rawrite a: bare.i</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Examples starting with <samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> indicate a command that must be
|
||||
invoked as the superuser in Slackware. You can login as <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt> to
|
||||
type the command, or login as your normal account and use <span
|
||||
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">su</span>(1)</span> to gain superuser
|
||||
privileges.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">dd if=bare.i of=/dev/fd0</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Examples starting with <samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> indicate a command that should be
|
||||
invoked from a normal user account. Unless otherwise noted, C-shell syntax is used for
|
||||
setting environment variables and other shell commands.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">top</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<h1 class="BRIDGEHEAD"><a id="PREFACE-ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS"
|
||||
name="PREFACE-ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS"></a>Acknowledgments</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This project is the accumulation of months of work by many dedicated individuals. It
|
||||
would not have been possible for me to produce this work in a vacuum. Many people deserve
|
||||
our thanks for their selfless acts: Keith Keller for his work on wireless networking,
|
||||
Joost Kremers for his great work in single-handedly writing the emacs section, Simon
|
||||
Williams for the security chapter, Jurgen Phillippaerts for basic networking commands,
|
||||
Cibao Cu Ali G Colibri for the inspiration and a good kick in the pants. Countless others
|
||||
have sent in suggestions and fixes. An incomplete list includes: Jacob Anhoej, John Yast,
|
||||
Sally Welch, Morgan Landry, and Charlie Law. I'd also like to thank Keith Keller for
|
||||
hosting the mailing list for this project, as well as Carl Inglis for the initial web
|
||||
hosting. Last but not least, I'd like to thank Patrick J. Volkerding for Slackware Linux,
|
||||
and David Cantrell, Logan Johnson, and Chris Lumens for Slackware Linux Essentials 1st
|
||||
Edition. Without their initial framework, none of this would have ever happened. Many
|
||||
others have contributed in small and large ways to this project and have not been listed.
|
||||
I hope they will forgive me for a poor memory.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Alan Hicks, May 2005</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="introduction.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Slackware Linux Essentials</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">An Introduction to Slackware Linux</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
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|
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@ -1,341 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
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||||
<title>Dual Booting</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Booting" href="booting.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="LOADLIN" href="booting-loadlin.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="The Shell" href="shell.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="booting-loadlin.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 7 Booting</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="shell.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="BOOTING-DUAL" name="BOOTING-DUAL">7.3 Dual Booting</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Many users set up their computers to boot Slackware Linux and another operating
|
||||
system. We've described several typical dual boot scenarios below, in case you are having
|
||||
difficulty setting up your system.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="BOOTING-DUAL-WINDOWS" name="BOOTING-DUAL-WINDOWS">7.3.1
|
||||
Windows</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Setting up a computer with both MS Windows and Linux is probably the most common dual
|
||||
boot scenario. There are numerous ways you can setup the booting, but this section will
|
||||
cover two.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Often times when setting up a dual boot system, a person will devise a perfect plan
|
||||
for where everything should go but mess up the installation order. It is very important
|
||||
to understand that operating systems need to be installed in a certain order for a dual
|
||||
boot setup to work. Linux always offers control over what, if anything, gets written to
|
||||
the Master Boot Record. Therefore, it's always advisable to install Linux last. Windows
|
||||
should be installed first, since it will always write its booter to the Master Boot
|
||||
Record, overwriting any entry Linux may have put there.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN2577" name="AEN2577">7.3.1.1 Using LILO</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Most people will want to use LILO to chose between Linux and Windows. As stated above,
|
||||
you should install Windows first, then Linux.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Let's say you have a 40GB IDE hard disk as the only drive in your system. Let's also
|
||||
say that you want to give half of that space to Windows and half of that space to Linux.
|
||||
This will present a problem when trying to boot Linux.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
20GB Windows boot (C:)
|
||||
1GB Linux root (/)
|
||||
19GB Linux /usr (/usr)
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You would also want to set aside an adequate amount of space for a Linux swap
|
||||
partition. The unwritten rule is to use twice the amount of RAM you have in disk space. A
|
||||
64MB system would have 128MB of swap, and so on. Adequate swap space is the discussion of
|
||||
many flames on IRC and Usenet. There's no truly “right” way to do it, but
|
||||
sticking with the rule above should be sufficient.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>With your partitions laid out, you should proceed to install Windows. After that is
|
||||
set up and working, you should install Linux. The LILO installation needs special
|
||||
attention. You will want to select the expert mode for installing LILO.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Begin a new LILO configuration. You will want to install it to Master Boot Record so
|
||||
that it can be used to choose between the two operating systems. From the menu, add your
|
||||
Linux partition and add your Windows (or DOS) partition. Once that's complete, you can
|
||||
install LILO.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Reboot the computer. LILO should load and will display a menu letting you select
|
||||
between the operating systems you have installed. Select the name of the OS you wish to
|
||||
load (these names were selected when you setup LILO).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>LILO is quite a configurable boot loader. It's not just limited to booting Linux or
|
||||
DOS. It can boot just about anything. The man pages for <tt class="COMMAND">lilo</tt>(8)
|
||||
and <tt class="FILENAME">lilo.conf</tt>(5) provide more detailed information.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>What if LILO doesn't work? There are instances where LILO just won't work on a
|
||||
particular machine. Fortunately, there is another way to dual boot Linux and Windows.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN2591" name="AEN2591">7.3.1.2 Using LOADLIN</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This method can be used if LILO doesn't work on your system, or if you just don't want
|
||||
to set up LILO. This method is also ideal for the user that reinstalls Windows often.
|
||||
Each time you reinstall Windows, it will overwrite the Master Boot Record, thus
|
||||
destroying any LILO installation. With LOADLIN, you are not subject to that problem. The
|
||||
biggest disadvantage is that you can only use LOADLIN to boot Linux.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>With LOADLIN, you can install the operating systems in any order desired. Be careful
|
||||
about installing things to the Master Boot Record, you do not want to do that. LOADLIN
|
||||
relies on the Windows partition being bootable. So during the Slackware installation,
|
||||
make sure you skip the LILO setup.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>After installing the operating systems, copy the <tt class="FILENAME">loadlin<var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">X</var>.zip</tt> (where <var class="REPLACEABLE">X</var> is a version
|
||||
number, such as <var class="LITERAL">16a</var>) file from root's home directory to your
|
||||
Windows partition. Also copy your kernel image to the Windows partition. You will need to
|
||||
be in Linux for this to work. This example shows how to do this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">mkdir /win</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /win</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">mkdir /win/linux</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /root</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cp loadlin* /win/linux</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cp /boot/vmlinuz /win/linux</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /win/linuz</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">unzip loadlin16a.zip</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>That will create a <tt class="FILENAME">C:\LINUX</tt> directory on your Windows
|
||||
partition (assuming it's <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/hda1</tt>) and copy over the necessary
|
||||
stuff for LOADLIN. After doing this, you will need to reboot into Windows to setup a boot
|
||||
menu.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Once in Windows, get to a DOS prompt. First, we need to make sure the system is set to
|
||||
not boot into the graphical interface.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
C:\> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd \</kbd>
|
||||
C:\> <kbd class="USERINPUT">attrib -r -a -s -h MSDOS.SYS</kbd>
|
||||
C:\> <kbd class="USERINPUT">edit MSDOS.SYS</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Add this line to the file:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
BootGUI=0
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Now save the file and exit the editor. Now edit <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT</tt> so we can add a boot menu. The following provides
|
||||
an example of what a boot menu block in <tt class="FILENAME">AUTOEXEC.BAT</tt> would look
|
||||
like:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
cls
|
||||
echo System Boot Menu
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo 1 - Linux
|
||||
echo 2 - Windows
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
choice /c:12 "Selection? -> "
|
||||
if errorlevel 2 goto WIN
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 goto LINUX
|
||||
:LINUX
|
||||
cls
|
||||
echo "Starting Linux..."
|
||||
cd \linux
|
||||
loadlin c:\linux\vmlinuz root=/dev/hda2 ro
|
||||
goto END
|
||||
:WIN
|
||||
cls
|
||||
echo "Starting Windows..."
|
||||
win
|
||||
goto END
|
||||
:END
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The key line is the one that runs LOADLIN. We tell it the kernel to load, the Linux
|
||||
root partition, and that we want it mounted read-only initially.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The tools for these two methods are provided with Slackware Linux. There are numerous
|
||||
other booters on the market, but these should work for most dual boot setups.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN2633" name="AEN2633">7.3.1.3 Deprecated Windows NT
|
||||
Hack</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This is the least common dual booting situation. In the days of old, LILO was unable
|
||||
to boot Windows NT, requiring Linux users to hack NTLDR, which presented several more
|
||||
problems than dual booting between Windows 9x and Linux. Understand that the following
|
||||
instructions are deprecated. LILO has been able to boot Windows NT/2000/XP/2003 for many
|
||||
years now. If you are using a legacy machine though, you may need to use just such a
|
||||
hack.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol type="1">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Install Windows NT</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Install Linux, making sure LILO is installed to the superblock of the Linux
|
||||
partition</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Get the first 512 bytes of the Linux root partition and store it on the Windows NT
|
||||
partition</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Edit <tt class="FILENAME">C:\BOOT.INI</tt> under Windows NT to add a Linux option</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Installing Windows NT should be fairly straightforward, as should installing Linux.
|
||||
From there, it gets a little more tricky. Grabbing the first 512 bytes of the Linux
|
||||
partition is easier than it sounds. You will need to be in Linux to accomplish this.
|
||||
Assuming your Linux partition is <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/hda2</tt>, issue this
|
||||
command:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">dd if=/dev/hda2 of=/tmp/bootsect.lnx bs=1 count=512</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>That's it. Now you need to copy bootsect.lnx to the Windows NT partition. Here's where
|
||||
we run into another problem. Linux does not have stable write support for the NTFS
|
||||
filesystem. If you installed Windows NT and formatted your drive as NTFS, you will need
|
||||
to copy this file to a FAT floppy and then read from it under Windows NT. If you
|
||||
formatted the Windows NT drive as FAT, you can simply mount it under Linux and copy the
|
||||
file over. Either way, you will want to get <tt class="FILENAME">/tmp/bootsect.lnx</tt>
|
||||
from the Linux drive to <tt class="FILENAME">C:\BOOTSECT.LNX</tt> on the Windows NT
|
||||
drive.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The last step is adding a menu option to the Windows NT boot menu. Under Windows NT
|
||||
open a command prompt.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
C:\WINNT> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd \</kbd>
|
||||
C:\> <kbd class="USERINPUT">attrib -r -a -s -h boot.ini</kbd>
|
||||
C:\> <kbd class="USERINPUT">edit boot.ini</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Add this line to the end of the file:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
C:\bootsect.lnx="Slackware Linux"
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Save the changes and exit the editor. When you reboot Windows NT, you will have a
|
||||
Linux option on the menu. Choosing it will boot into Linux.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="BOOTING-DUAL-LINUX" name="BOOTING-DUAL-LINUX">7.3.2
|
||||
Linux</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Yes, people really do this. This is definitely the easiest dual boot scenario. You can
|
||||
simply use LILO and add more entries to the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/lilo.conf</tt>
|
||||
file. That's all there is to it.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="booting-loadlin.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="shell.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">LOADLIN</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="booting.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">The Shell</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>LOADLIN</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Booting" href="booting.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Booting" href="booting.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Dual Booting" href="booting-dual.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="booting.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 7 Booting</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="booting-dual.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="BOOTING-LOADLIN" name="BOOTING-LOADLIN">7.2 LOADLIN</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The other booting option that comes with Slackware Linux is LOADLIN. LOADLIN is a DOS
|
||||
executable that can be used to start Linux from a running DOS system. It requires the
|
||||
Linux kernel to be on the DOS partition so that LOADLIN can load it and properly boot the
|
||||
system.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>During the installation process, LOADLIN will be copied to root's home directory as a
|
||||
.ZIP file. There is no automatic setup process for LOADLIN. You will need to copy the
|
||||
Linux kernel (typically <tt class="FILENAME">/boot/vmlinuz</tt>) and the LOADLIN file
|
||||
from root's home directory to the DOS partition.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>LOADLIN is useful if you would like to make a boot menu on your DOS partition. A menu
|
||||
could be added to your <tt class="FILENAME">AUTOEXEC.BAT</tt> file that would allow you
|
||||
to pick between Linux or DOS. A choice of Linux would run LOADLIN, thus booting your
|
||||
Slackware system. This <tt class="FILENAME">AUTOEXEC.BAT</tt> file under Windows 95 will
|
||||
provide a sufficient boot menu:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
@ECHO OFF
|
||||
SET PROMPT=$P$G
|
||||
SET PATH=C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND;C:\
|
||||
CLS
|
||||
ECHO Please Select Your Operating System:
|
||||
ECHO.
|
||||
ECHO [1] Slackware Linux
|
||||
ECHO [2] Windows 95
|
||||
ECHO.
|
||||
CHOICE /C:12 "Selection? -> "
|
||||
IF ERRORLEVEL 2 GOTO WIN
|
||||
IF ERRORLEVEL 1 GOTO LINUX
|
||||
:WIN
|
||||
CLS
|
||||
ECHO Starting Windows 95...
|
||||
WIN
|
||||
GOTO END
|
||||
:LINUX
|
||||
ECHO Starting Slackware Linux...
|
||||
CD \LINUX
|
||||
LOADLIN C:\LINUX\VMLINUZ ROOT=<root partition device> RO
|
||||
GOTO END
|
||||
:END
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You will want to specify your root partition as a Linux device name, like <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/dev/hda2</tt> or something else. You can always use LOADLIN at the
|
||||
command line. You simply use it in the same manner as it is in the example above. The
|
||||
LOADLIN documentation comes with many examples on how to use it.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="booting.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="booting-dual.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Booting</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="booting.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Dual Booting</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Booting</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="xdm" href="x-window-system-xdm.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="LOADLIN" href="booting-loadlin.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="CHAPTER" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="x-window-system-xdm.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom"></td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="booting-loadlin.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="CHAPTER">
|
||||
<h1><a id="BOOTING" name="BOOTING"></a>Chapter 7 Booting</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TOC">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>7.1 <a href="booting.html#BOOTING-LILO">LILO</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>7.2 <a href="booting-loadlin.html">LOADLIN</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>7.3 <a href="booting-dual.html">Dual Booting</a></dt>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The process of booting your Linux system can sometimes be easy and sometimes be
|
||||
difficult. Many users install Slackware on their computer and that's it. They just turn
|
||||
it on and it's ready to use. Othertimes, simply booting the machine can be a chore. For
|
||||
most users, LILO works best. Slackware includes LILO and Loadlin for booting Slackware
|
||||
Linux. LILO will work from a hard drive partition, a hard drive's master boot record, or
|
||||
a floppy disk, making it a very versatile tool. Loadlin works from a DOS command line,
|
||||
killing DOS and invoking Linux.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Another popular utility for booting Linux is GRUB. GRUB is not included or officially
|
||||
supported by Slackware. Slackware holds to the “tried and true” standard for
|
||||
what gets included inside the distribution. While GRUB works well and includes some
|
||||
features that LILO does not, LILO handles all the essential tasks of a boot loader
|
||||
reliably with a proven track record. Being younger, GRUB hasn't quite lived up to that
|
||||
legacy yet. As it is not included with Slackware, we do not discuss it here. If you wish
|
||||
to use GRUB (perhaps it came with another Linux OS and you want to use it to dual-boot)
|
||||
consult GRUB's documentation.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This section covers using LILO and Loadlin, the two booters included with Slackware.
|
||||
It also explains some typical dual booting scenarios and how you could go about setting
|
||||
it up.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="BOOTING-LILO" name="BOOTING-LILO">7.1 LILO</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The Linux Loader, or LILO, is the most popular booter in use on Linux systems. It is
|
||||
quite configurable and can easily be used to boot other operating systems.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Slackware Linux comes with a menu-driven configuration utility called <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">liloconfig</tt>. This program is first run during the setup process, but
|
||||
you can invoke it later by typing <tt class="COMMAND">liloconfig</tt> at the prompt.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>LILO reads its settings from the <tt class="COMMAND">/etc/lilo.conf</tt>(5) file. It
|
||||
is not read each time you boot up, but instead is read each time you install LILO. LILO
|
||||
must be reinstalled to the boot sector each time you make a configuration change. Many
|
||||
LILO errors come from making changes to the <tt class="FILENAME">lilo.conf</tt> file, but
|
||||
failing to re-run lilo to install these changes. <tt class="COMMAND">liloconfig</tt> will
|
||||
help you build the configuration file so that you can install LILO for your system. If
|
||||
you prefer to edit <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/lilo.conf</tt> by hand, then reinstalling
|
||||
LILO just involves typing <tt class="COMMAND">/sbin/lilo</tt> (as <tt
|
||||
class="USERNAME">root</tt>) at the prompt.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>When you first invoke <tt class="COMMAND">liloconfig</tt>, it will look like this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="FIGURE"><a id="BOOTING-SETUP-LILO" name="BOOTING-SETUP-LILO"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Figure 7-1. <tt class="COMMAND">liloconfig</tt></b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><img src="booting/setup-lilo-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If this is your first time setting up LILO, you should pick simple. Otherwise, you
|
||||
might find expert to be faster if you are familiar with LILO and Linux. Selecting simple
|
||||
will begin the LILO configuration.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If kernel frame buffer support is compiled into your kernel, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">liloconfig</tt> will ask which video resolution you would like to use.
|
||||
This is the resolution that is also used by the XFree86 frame buffer server. If you do
|
||||
not want the console to run in a special video mode, selecting normal will keep the
|
||||
standard 80x25 text mode in use.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The next part of the LILO configuration is selecting where you want it installed. This
|
||||
is probably the most important step. The list below explains the installation places:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="VARIABLELIST">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><var class="OPTION">Root</var></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>This option installs LILO to the beginning of your Linux root partition. This is the
|
||||
safest option if you have other operating systems on your computer. It ensures that any
|
||||
other booters are not overwritten. The disadvantage is that LILO will only load from here
|
||||
if your Linux drive is the first drive on your system. This is why many people chose to
|
||||
create a very small <tt class="FILENAME">/boot</tt> partition as the first drive on their
|
||||
system. This allows the kernel and LILO to be installed at the beginning of the drive
|
||||
where LILO can find them. Previous versions of LILO contained an infamous flaw known as
|
||||
the “1024 cylinder limit”. LILO was unable to boot kernels on partitions past
|
||||
the 1024th cylinder. Recent editions of LILO have eliminated this problem.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><var class="OPTION">Floppy</var></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>This method is even safer than the previous one. It creates a boot floppy that you can
|
||||
use to boot your Linux system. This keeps the booter off the hard disk entirely, so you
|
||||
only boot this floppy when you want to use Slackware. The flaws with this method are
|
||||
obvious. Floppies are notoriously fickle, prone to failures. Secondly, the boot loader is
|
||||
no longer self-contained within the computer. If you loose your floppy disk, you'll have
|
||||
to make another to boot your system.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><var class="OPTION">MBR</var></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>You will want to use this method if Slackware is the only operating system on your
|
||||
computer, or if you will be using LILO to choose between multiple operating systems on
|
||||
your computer. This is the most preferred method for installing LILO and will work with
|
||||
almost any computer system.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="WARNING">
|
||||
<table class="WARNING" width="90%" border="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="25" align="CENTER" valign="TOP"><img src="./imagelib/admon/warning.png"
|
||||
hspace="5" alt="Warning" /></td>
|
||||
<td align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
|
||||
<p>This option will overwrite any other booter you have in the MBR.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>After selecting the installation location, <tt class="COMMAND">liloconfig</tt> will
|
||||
write the configuration file and install LILO. That's it. If you select the expert mode
|
||||
you will receive a special menu. This menu allows you to tweak the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/lilo.conf</tt> file, add other operating systems to your boot menu,
|
||||
and set LILO to pass special kernel parameters at boot time. The expert menu looks like
|
||||
this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="FIGURE"><a id="BOOTING-LILO-EXPERT" name="BOOTING-LILO-EXPERT"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Figure 7-2. <tt class="COMMAND">liloconfig</tt> Expert Menu</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><img src="booting/setup-lilo-expert-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Whatever your system configuration is, setting up a working boot loader is easy. <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">liloconfig</tt> makes setting it up a cinch.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="x-window-system-xdm.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="booting-loadlin.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><tt class="COMMAND">xdm</tt></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">LOADLIN</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 6.8 KiB |
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 5.7 KiB |
|
|
@ -1,162 +0,0 @@
|
|||
/*
|
||||
* Copyright (c) 2001, 2003 The FreeBSD Documentation Project
|
||||
* All rights reserved.
|
||||
*
|
||||
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
||||
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
|
||||
* are met:
|
||||
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
||||
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
||||
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
||||
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
||||
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
||||
*
|
||||
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
||||
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
||||
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
||||
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
||||
* FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
||||
* DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
||||
* OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
||||
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
||||
* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
||||
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
|
||||
* SUCH DAMAGE.
|
||||
*
|
||||
* $FreeBSD: doc/share/misc/docbook.css,v 1.7 2004/03/22 19:17:52 ceri Exp $
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
DIV.TITLEPAGE {
|
||||
text-align: center;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
P.COPYRIGHT {
|
||||
text-align: left;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
SPAN.ISBN {
|
||||
text-align: left;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
DIV.LEGALNOTICE {
|
||||
text-align: left;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.USERINPUT {
|
||||
font-weight: bold;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY ADDRESS {
|
||||
line-height: 1.3;
|
||||
margin: .6em 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY BLOCKQUOTE {
|
||||
margin-top: .75em;
|
||||
line-height: 1.5;
|
||||
margin-bottom: .75em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
HTML BODY {
|
||||
margin: 1em 8% 1em 10%;
|
||||
line-height: 1.2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.LEGALNOTICE {
|
||||
font-size: small;
|
||||
font-variant: small-caps;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY DIV {
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
DL {
|
||||
margin: .8em 0;
|
||||
line-height: 1.2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY FORM {
|
||||
margin: .6em 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY H1 {
|
||||
margin: .8em 0 0 -4%;
|
||||
line-height: 1.3;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY H2 {
|
||||
margin: .8em 0 0 -4%;
|
||||
line-height: 1.3;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY H3 {
|
||||
margin: .8em 0 0 -3%;
|
||||
line-height: 1.3;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY H4 {
|
||||
margin: .8em 0 0 -3%;
|
||||
line-height: 1.3;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY H5 {
|
||||
margin: .8em 0 0 -2%;
|
||||
line-height: 1.3;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY H6 {
|
||||
margin: .8em 0 0 -1%;
|
||||
line-height: 1.3;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY HR {
|
||||
margin: .6em
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY IMG.NAVHEADER {
|
||||
margin: 0 0 0 -4%;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
OL {
|
||||
margin: 0 0 0 5%;
|
||||
line-height: 1.2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY TD {
|
||||
line-height: 1.2
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY TH {
|
||||
line-height: 1.2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
UL, BODY DIR, BODY MENU {
|
||||
margin: 0 0 0 5%;
|
||||
line-height: 1.2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
HTML {
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
padding: 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
BODY H1, BODY H2, BODY H3, BODY H4, BODY H5, BODY H6 {
|
||||
margin-left: 0
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.GUIMENU, .GUIMENUITEM, .GUISUBMENU,
|
||||
.GUILABEL, .INTERFACE, .GUIBUTTON,
|
||||
.SHORTCUT, .SHORTCUT .KEYCAP {
|
||||
background-color: #F0F0F0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.ACCEL {
|
||||
background-color: #F0F0F0;
|
||||
text-decoration: underline;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.PROGRAMLISTING, .SCREEN {
|
||||
margin-left: 3ex;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,227 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Basic Editing</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Emacs" href="emacs.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Modes" href="emacs-modes.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Saving Files" href="emacs-saving-files.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="emacs-modes.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 17 Emacs</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="emacs-saving-files.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="EMACS-BASIC-EDITING" name="EMACS-BASIC-EDITING">17.4 Basic
|
||||
Editing</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>When you have opened a file, you can of course move around in it with the cursor. The
|
||||
<b class="KEYCAP">cursor keys</b> and <b class="KEYCAP">PgUp</b>, <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">PgDn</b> do what you'd expect. <b class="KEYCAP">Home</b> and <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">End</b> jump to the beginning and end of the line. (In older versions,
|
||||
they would actually jump to the beginning and end of the buffer.) However, there are also
|
||||
<b class="KEYCAP">Control</b> and <b class="KEYCAP">Meta</b> (<b class="KEYCAP">Alt</b>)
|
||||
key combos that move the cursor around. Because you do not need to move your hands to
|
||||
another part of the keyboard for these, they are much quicker once you get used to them.
|
||||
The most important such commands are listed in <a
|
||||
href="emacs-basic-editing.html#TABLE-EMACS-BASIC-EDITING">Table 17-1</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TABLE"><a id="TABLE-EMACS-BASIC-EDITING"
|
||||
name="TABLE-EMACS-BASIC-EDITING"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Table 17-1. Basic Emacs Editing Commands</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" frame="void" width="100%" class="CALSTABLE">
|
||||
<col width="25%" />
|
||||
<col width="75%" />
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th>Command</th>
|
||||
<th>Result</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">b</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go one character back</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">f</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go one character forward</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">n</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go one line down</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">p</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go one line up</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">a</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go to the beginning of the line</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">e</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go to the end of the line</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">b</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go one word back</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">f</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go one word forward</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">}</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go one paragraph forward</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">{</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go one paragraph backward</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">a</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go one sentence backward</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">e</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go one sentence forward</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">d</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>delete the character under the cursor</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">d</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>delete until the end of the current word</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">v</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go down one screen (i.e., PgDn)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">v</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go up one screen (i.e., PgUp)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP"><</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go to the beginning of the buffer</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">></b> </td>
|
||||
<td>go to the end of the buffer</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">_</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>undo the last change (can be repeated); note that you actually have to type <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Shift</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">Control</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">hyphen</b> for
|
||||
this.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">k</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>delete to end of line</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">s</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>forward search</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">r</b> </td>
|
||||
<td>backward search</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Note that many <b class="KEYCAP">Meta</b> commands are parallel to the <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Control</b> commands except that they operate on larger units: while <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">f</b> goes forward one character, <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">f</b> goes forward an entire word, etc.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Also note that <b class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP"><</b> and <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">></b> require you to type <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Shift</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">Alt</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">comma</b> and <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Shift</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">Alt</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">dot</b>
|
||||
respectively, since <b class="KEYCAP"><</b> and <b class="KEYCAP">></b> are on <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Shift</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">comma</b> and <b class="KEYCAP">Shift</b>+<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">dot</b>. (Unless of course you have a different keyboard layout from the
|
||||
standard US layout.)</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Note that <b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">k</b> deletes (kills, as it is
|
||||
commonly called) all the text after the cursor to the end of the line, but doesn't delete
|
||||
the line itself (i.e., it doesn't delete the final newline). It only deletes the line if
|
||||
there was no text after the cursor. In other words, in order to delete a complete line,
|
||||
you have to put the cursor at the beginning of the line, and then hit <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">k</b> twice: once to delete the text on the line,
|
||||
once to delete the line itself.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="emacs-modes.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="emacs-saving-files.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Modes</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="emacs.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Saving Files</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Buffers</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Emacs" href="emacs.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Emacs" href="emacs.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Modes" href="emacs-modes.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="emacs.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 17 Emacs</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="emacs-modes.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="EMACS-BUFFERS" name="EMACS-BUFFERS">17.2 Buffers</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In Emacs, the concept of “buffers” is essential. Every file that you open
|
||||
is loaded into its own buffer. Furthermore, Emacs has several special buffers, which do
|
||||
not contain a file but are used for other things. Such special buffers usually have a
|
||||
name that starts and ends with an asterisk. For example, the buffer that Emacs shows when
|
||||
it is first started, is the so-called *scratch* buffer. In the *scratch* buffer, you can
|
||||
type text in the normal way, but text that is typed there is not saved when Emacs is
|
||||
closed.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There is one other special buffer you need to know about, and that is the minibuffer.
|
||||
This buffer consists of only one line, and is always on the screen: it is the very last
|
||||
line of the Emacs window, below the status bar for the current buffer. The minibuffer is
|
||||
where Emacs shows messages for the user, and it is also the place where commands that
|
||||
require some user input are executed. For example, when you open a file, Emacs will ask
|
||||
for its name in the minibuffer.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Switching from one buffer to another can be done with the command <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">x</b> <b class="KEYCAP">b</b>. This will prompt
|
||||
you for the name of a buffer (a buffer's name is usually the name of the file you are
|
||||
editing in it), and it gives a default choice, which is normally the buffer that you were
|
||||
in before you switched to or created the current buffer. Just hitting <span
|
||||
class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">Enter</i></span> will switch to that default
|
||||
buffer.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you want to switch to another buffer than the default offered by Emacs, just type
|
||||
its name. Note that you can use so-called <b class="KEYCAP">Tab</b>-completion here: type
|
||||
the first few letters of the buffer's name and hit <b class="KEYCAP">Tab</b>; Emacs will
|
||||
then complete the name of the buffer. <b class="KEYCAP">Tab</b> completion works
|
||||
everywhere in Emacs where it makes sense.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can get a list of open buffers by hitting <b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">x</b> <b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">b</b>. This command will
|
||||
usually split the screen in two, displaying the buffer you were working in in the top
|
||||
half, and a new buffer called *Buffer List* in the bottom half. This buffer contains a
|
||||
list of all the buffers, their sizes and modes, and the files, if any, that those buffers
|
||||
are visiting (as it is called in Emacs). You can get rid of this split screen by typing
|
||||
<b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">x</b> <b class="KEYCAP">1</b>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NOTE">
|
||||
<table class="NOTE" width="100%" border="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="25" align="CENTER" valign="TOP"><img src="./imagelib/admon/note.png"
|
||||
hspace="5" alt="Note" /></td>
|
||||
<td align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
|
||||
<p>Under X, the list of buffers is also available in the Buffer menu in the menu bar.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="emacs.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="emacs-modes.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Emacs</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="emacs.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Modes</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Modes</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Emacs" href="emacs.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Buffers" href="emacs-buffers.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Basic Editing" href="emacs-basic-editing.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="emacs-buffers.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 17 Emacs</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="emacs-basic-editing.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="EMACS-MODES" name="EMACS-MODES">17.3 Modes</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Every buffer in Emacs has an associated mode. This mode is very different from the
|
||||
idea of modes in <tt class="COMMAND">vi</tt>: a mode tells you what kind of buffer you
|
||||
are in. For example, there is text-mode for normal text files, but there are also modes
|
||||
such as c-mode for editing C programs, sh-mode for editing shell scripts, latex-mode for
|
||||
editing <b class="APPLICATION">LaTeX</b> files, mail-mode for editing email and news
|
||||
messages, etc. A mode provides special customizations and functionality that is useful
|
||||
for the kind of file you are editing. It is even possible for a mode to redefine keys and
|
||||
key commands. For example, in Text mode, the Tab key simply jumps to the next tab stop,
|
||||
but in many programming language modes, the <b class="KEYCAP">Tab</b> key indents the
|
||||
current line according to the depth of the block that line is in.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The modes mentioned above are called major modes. Each buffer has exactly one major
|
||||
mode. Additionally, a buffer can have one or more minor modes. A minor mode provides
|
||||
additional features that may be useful for certain editing tasks. For example, if you hit
|
||||
the <b class="KEYCAP">INSERT</b> key, you invoke overwrite-mode, which does what you'd
|
||||
expect. There is also an auto-fill-mode, which is handy in combination with text-mode or
|
||||
latex-mode: it causes each line that you type to be automatically wrapped once the line
|
||||
reaches a certain number of characters. Without auto-fill-mode, you have to type <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">q</b> to fill out a paragraph. (Which you can also
|
||||
use to reformat a paragraph after you've edited some text in it and it is no longer
|
||||
nicely filled out.)</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="EMACS-OPENING-FILES" name="EMACS-OPENING-FILES">17.3.1 Opening
|
||||
files</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To open a file in Emacs, type</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<kbd class="USERINPUT">C-x C-f</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Emacs will ask you for the name of the file, filling in some default path for you
|
||||
(which is usually <tt class="FILENAME">~/</tt> ). After you type the filename (you can
|
||||
use <b class="KEYCAP">Tab</b> completion) and hit <b class="KEYCAP">ENTER</b> , Emacs
|
||||
will open the file in a new buffer and display that buffer on the screen.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NOTE">
|
||||
<table class="NOTE" width="100%" border="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="25" align="CENTER" valign="TOP"><img src="./imagelib/admon/note.png"
|
||||
hspace="5" alt="Note" /></td>
|
||||
<td align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
|
||||
<p>Emacs will automatically create a new buffer, it will not load the file into the
|
||||
current buffer.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In order to create a new file in emacs, you cannot just go typing right away. You
|
||||
first have to create a buffer for it, and come up with a filename. You do this by typing
|
||||
<b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">x</b> <b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">f</b> and typing a filename, just as if you were opening an existing file.
|
||||
Emacs will notice that the file you typed doesn't exist, and will create a new buffer and
|
||||
report “(New file)” in the minibuffer.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>When you type <b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">x</b> <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">f</b> and then enter a directory name instead of a
|
||||
filename, Emacs will create a new buffer in which you will find a list of all the files
|
||||
in that directory. You can move the cursor to the file that you are looking for and type
|
||||
, and Emacs will open it. (There are in fact a lot more actions you can perform here,
|
||||
such as deleting, renaming and moving files, etc. Emacs is now in dired-mode, which is
|
||||
basically a simple file manager.)</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>When you have typed <b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">x</b> <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">f</b> and suddenly change your mind, you can type
|
||||
<b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">g</b> to cancel the action. <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">g</b> works almost everywhere where you want to
|
||||
cancel an action or command that you've started but don't want to finish.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="emacs-buffers.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="emacs-basic-editing.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Buffers</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="emacs.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Basic Editing</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Saving Files</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
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<link rel="UP" title="Emacs" href="emacs.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Basic Editing" href="emacs-basic-editing.html" />
|
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<link rel="NEXT" title="Slackware Package Management" href="package-management.html" />
|
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<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
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alink="#0000FF">
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<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
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|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="emacs-basic-editing.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 17 Emacs</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="package-management.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="EMACS-SAVING-FILES" name="EMACS-SAVING-FILES">17.5 Saving
|
||||
Files</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In order to save a file, you type</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<kbd class="USERINPUT">C-x C-s</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Emacs will not ask you for a filename, the buffer will just be saved to the file it
|
||||
was loaded from. If you want to save your text to another file, type</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<kbd class="USERINPUT">C-x C-w</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>When you save the file for the first time in this session, Emacs will normally save
|
||||
the old version of your file to a backup file, which has the same name appended with a
|
||||
tilde: so if you're editing a file “<tt class="FILENAME">cars.txt</tt>”,
|
||||
Emacs will create a backup “<tt class="FILENAME">cars.txt~</tt>”.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This backup file is a copy of the file that you opened. While you are working, Emacs
|
||||
will also regularly create an auto-save copy of the work you are doing, to a file named
|
||||
with hash signs: <tt class="FILENAME">#cars.txt#</tt>. This backup is deleted when you
|
||||
save the file with C-x C-s.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>When you are done editing a file, you can kill the buffer that holds it by typing</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<kbd class="USERINPUT">C-x k</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Emacs will then ask you which buffer you want to kill, with the current buffer as
|
||||
default, which you can select by hitting <b class="KEYCAP">ENTER</b>. If you haven't
|
||||
saved your file yet, Emacs will ask you if you really want to kill the buffer.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="EMACS-QUITING" name="EMACS-QUITING">17.5.1 Quitting
|
||||
Emacs</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>When you are done with Emacs altogether, you can type</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<kbd class="USERINPUT">C-x C-c</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This quits Emacs. If you have any unsaved files, Emacs will tell you so, and ask if
|
||||
you want to save them each in turn. If you answer no to any of these, Emacs will ask for
|
||||
one final confirmation and then quit.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="emacs-basic-editing.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="package-management.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Basic Editing</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="emacs.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Slackware Package Management</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Emacs</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Vi Keys" href="vi-keys.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Buffers" href="emacs-buffers.html" />
|
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<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
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</head>
|
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<body class="CHAPTER" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
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alink="#0000FF">
|
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<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
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||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="vi-keys.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom"></td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="emacs-buffers.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="CHAPTER">
|
||||
<h1><a id="EMACS" name="EMACS"></a>Chapter 17 Emacs</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TOC">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>17.1 <a href="emacs.html#EMACS-STARTING">Starting emacs</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>17.2 <a href="emacs-buffers.html">Buffers</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>17.3 <a href="emacs-modes.html">Modes</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>17.4 <a href="emacs-basic-editing.html">Basic Editing</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>17.5 <a href="emacs-saving-files.html">Saving Files</a></dt>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>While <tt class="COMMAND">vi</tt> (with its clones) is without a doubt the most
|
||||
ubiquitous editor on Unix-like systems, Emacs comes in a good second. Instead of using
|
||||
different “modes”, like <tt class="COMMAND">vi</tt> does, it uses <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Control</b> and <b class="KEYCAP">Alt</b> key combinations to enter
|
||||
commands, in much the same way that you can use <b class="KEYCAP">Control</b> and <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Alt</b> key combinations in a word processor and indeed in many other
|
||||
applications to execute certain functions. (Though it should be noted that the commands
|
||||
rarely correspond; so while many modern applications use <b class="KEYCAP">Ctrl</b>-<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">C</b>/ <b class="KEYCAP">X</b>/ <b class="KEYCAP">V</b> for copying,
|
||||
cutting and pasting, Emacs uses different keys and actually a somewhat different
|
||||
mechanism for this.)</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Also unlike <tt class="COMMAND">vi</tt>, which is an (excellent) editor and nothing
|
||||
more, Emacs is a program with near endless capabilities. Emacs is (for the most part)
|
||||
written in Lisp, which is a very powerful programming language that has the peculiar
|
||||
property that every program written in it is automatically a Lisp compiler of its own.
|
||||
This means that the user can extend Emacs, and in fact write completely new programs
|
||||
“in Emacs”.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>As a result, Emacs is not just an editor anymore. There are many add-on packages for
|
||||
Emacs available (many come with the program's source) that provide all sorts of
|
||||
functionality. Many of these are related to text editing, which is after all Emacs' basic
|
||||
task, but it doesn't stop there. There are for example several spreadsheet programs for
|
||||
Emacs, there are databases, games, mail and news clients (the top one being Gnus),
|
||||
etc.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There are two main versions of Emacs: GNU Emacs (which is the version that comes with
|
||||
Slackware) and XEmacs. The latter is <span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">not</i></span> a version for Emacs running under X. In fact, both Emacs
|
||||
and XEmacs run on the console as well as under X. XEmacs was once started as a project to
|
||||
tidy up the Emacs code. Currently, both versions are being actively developed, and there
|
||||
is in fact much interaction between the two development teams. For the present chapter,
|
||||
it is immaterial whether you use Emacs or XEmacs, the differences between them are not
|
||||
relevant to the normal user.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="EMACS-STARTING" name="EMACS-STARTING">17.1 Starting
|
||||
emacs</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Emacs can be started from the shell by simply typing <tt class="COMMAND">emacs</tt>.
|
||||
When you are running X, Emacs will (normally) come up with its own X window, usually with
|
||||
a menu bar at the top, where you can find the most important functions. On startup, Emacs
|
||||
will first show a welcome message, and then after a few seconds will drop you in the
|
||||
*scratch* buffer. (See <a href="emacs-buffers.html">Section 17.2</a>.)</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN5971" name="AEN5971"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="emacs/emacs.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can also start Emacs on an existing file by typing</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">emacs /etc/resolv.conf</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This will cause Emacs to load the specified file when it starts up, skipping the
|
||||
welcome message.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="EMACS-COMMAND-KEYS" name="EMACS-COMMAND-KEYS">17.1.1 Command
|
||||
Keys</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>As mentioned above, Emacs uses <b class="KEYCAP">Control</b> and <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Alt</b> combinations for commands. The usual convention is to write these
|
||||
with <b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">letter</b> and <b class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">letter</b>, respectively. So <b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">x</b> means <b class="KEYCAP">Control</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">x</b>, and <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">M</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">x</b> means <b class="KEYCAP">Alt</b>+<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">x</b>. (The letter <b class="KEYCAP">M</b> is used instead of A because
|
||||
originally the key was not the <b class="KEYCAP">Alt</b> key but the <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Meta</b> key. The <b class="KEYCAP">Meta</b> key has all but disappeared
|
||||
from computer keyboards, and in Emacs the <b class="KEYCAP">Alt</b> key has taken over
|
||||
its function.)</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Many Emacs commands consist of sequences of keys and key combinations. For example, <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">x</b> <b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">c</b> (that is <b class="KEYCAP">Control</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">x</b>
|
||||
followed by <b class="KEYCAP">Control</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">c</b> ) quits Emacs, <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">x</b> <b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">s</b> saves the current file. Keep in mind that <b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">x</b> <b class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">b</b> is <span
|
||||
class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">not</i></span> the same as <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">C</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">x</b> <b class="KEYCAP">b</b>. The former means <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Control</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">x</b> followed by <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Control</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">b</b>, while the latter means <b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Control</b>-<b class="KEYCAP">x</b> followed by just '<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">b</b>'.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
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<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
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cellspacing="0">
|
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<tr>
|
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<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="vi-keys.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="emacs-buffers.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Vi Keys</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Buffers</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
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Binary file not shown.
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|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Users and Groups, the Hard Way</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
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<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
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<link rel="UP" title="Essential System Administration" href="essential-sysadmin.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Essential System Administration"
|
||||
href="essential-sysadmin.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Shutting Down Properly"
|
||||
href="essential-sysadmin-shutdown.html" />
|
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<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
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</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="essential-sysadmin.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 12 Essential System
|
||||
Administration</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="essential-sysadmin-shutdown.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-HARDUSERS"
|
||||
name="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-HARDUSERS">12.2 Users and Groups, the Hard Way</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Of course, it is possible to add, modify, and remove users and groups without using
|
||||
the scripts and programs that come with Slackware. It's not really difficult, although
|
||||
after reading this process, you'll probably find it much easier to use the scripts.
|
||||
However, it's important to know how your password information is actually stored, in case
|
||||
you ever need to recover this information and don't have the Slackware tools
|
||||
available.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>First, we'll add a new user to the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/passwd</tt>(5), <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/shadow</tt>(5), and <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/group</tt>(5) files.
|
||||
The <tt class="FILENAME">passwd</tt> file holds some information about the users on your
|
||||
system, but (strangely enough) not their passwords. This was once the case, but was
|
||||
halted long ago for security reasons. The passwd file must be readable by all users, but
|
||||
you don't want encrypted passwords world-readable, as would-be intruders can use the
|
||||
encrypted passwords as a starting point for decrypting a user's password. Instead, the
|
||||
encrypted passwords are kept in the shadow file, which is only readable by root, and
|
||||
everyone's password is entered into the <tt class="FILENAME">passwd</tt> file simply as
|
||||
“<var class="LITERAL">x</var>”. The <tt class="FILENAME">group</tt> file
|
||||
lists all the groups and who is in each.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can use the <tt class="COMMAND">vipw</tt> command to edit the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/passwd</tt> file safely, and the <tt class="COMMAND">vigr</tt>
|
||||
command to edit the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/group</tt> file safely. Use <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">vipw -s</tt> to edit the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/shadow</tt> file
|
||||
safely. (“Safely” in this context means someone else won't be able to modify
|
||||
the file you're editing at the moment. If you're the only administrator of your system,
|
||||
you're probably safe, but it's best to get into good habits from the start.)</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Let's examine the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/passwd</tt> file and look at how to add a
|
||||
new user. A typical entry in <tt class="FILENAME">passwd</tt> looks like this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
chris:x:1000:100:Chris Lumens,Room 2,,:/home/chris:/bin/bash
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Each line is an entry for one user, and fields on each line are separated by a colon.
|
||||
The fields are the login name, encrypted password (“<var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">x</var>” for everyone on a Slackware system, since Slackware uses
|
||||
shadow passwords), user ID, group ID, the optional finger information (separated by
|
||||
commas), home directory, and shell. To add a new user by hand, add a new line at the end
|
||||
of the file, filling in the appropriate information.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The information you add needs to meet some requirements, or your new user may have
|
||||
problems logging in. First, make sure that the password field is an <var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">x</var>, and that both the user name and user ID is unique. Assign the
|
||||
user a group, either 100 (the “users” group in Slackware) or your default
|
||||
group (use its number, not its name). Give the user a valid home directory (which you'll
|
||||
create later) and shell (remember, valid shells are listed in <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/shells</tt>).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Next, we'll need to add an entry in the /etc/shadow file, which holds the encrypted
|
||||
passwords. A typical entry looks like this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
chris:$1$w9bsw/N9$uwLr2bRER6YyBS.CAEp7R.:11055:0:99999:7:::
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Again, each line is an entry for one person, with each field delimited by a colon. The
|
||||
fields are (in order) login name, encrypted password, days since the Epoch (January 1,
|
||||
1970) that the password was last changed, days before the password may be changed, days
|
||||
after which the password must be changed, days before password expiration that the user
|
||||
is notified, days after expiration that the account is disabled, days since the Epoch
|
||||
that the account is disabled, and a reserved field.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>As you can see, most of that is for account expiration information. If you aren't
|
||||
using expiration information, you only need to fill in a few fields with some special
|
||||
values. Otherwise, you'll need to do some calculations and decision making before you can
|
||||
fill those fields in. For a new user, just put some random garbage in the password field.
|
||||
Don't worry about what the password is right now, because you're going to change it in a
|
||||
minute. The only character you cannot include in the password field is a colon. Leave the
|
||||
“days since password was changed” field blank as well. Fill in <var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">0</var>, <var class="LITERAL">99999</var>, and <var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">7</var> just as you see in the example entry, and leave the other fields
|
||||
blank.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>(For those of you who think you see my encrypted password above and believe you've got
|
||||
a leg up on breaking into my system, go right ahead. If you can crack that password,
|
||||
you'll know the password to a firewalled test system. Now that's useful :) )</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>All normal users are members of the “<tt class="USERNAME">users</tt>”
|
||||
group on a typical Slackware system. However, if you want to create a new group, or add
|
||||
the new user to additional groups, you'll need to modify the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/group</tt> file. Here is a typical entry:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
cvs::102:chris,logan,david,root
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The fields are group name, group password, group ID, and group members, separated by
|
||||
commas. Creating a new group is a simple matter of adding a new line with a unique group
|
||||
ID, and listing all the users you want to be in the group. Any users that are in this new
|
||||
group and are logged in will have to log out and log back in for those changes to take
|
||||
effect.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>At this point, it might be a good idea to use the <tt class="COMMAND">pwck</tt> and
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">grpck</tt> commands to verify that the changes you've made are
|
||||
consistent. First, use <tt class="COMMAND">pwck -r</tt> and <tt class="COMMAND">grpck
|
||||
-r</tt>: the <var class="OPTION">-r</var> switch makes no changes, but lists the changes
|
||||
you would be asked to make if you ran the command without the switch. You can use this
|
||||
output to decide whether you need to further modify any files, to run <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">pwck</tt> or <tt class="COMMAND">grpck</tt> without the <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">-r</var> switch, or to simply leave your changes as they are.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>At this point, you should use the <tt class="COMMAND">passwd</tt> command to create a
|
||||
proper password for the user. Then, use <tt class="COMMAND">mkdir</tt> to create the new
|
||||
user's home directory in the location you entered into the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/passwd</tt> file, and use <tt class="COMMAND">chown</tt> to change
|
||||
the owner of the new directory to the new user.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Removing a user is a simple matter of deleting all of the entries that exist for that
|
||||
user. Remove the user's entry from <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/passwd</tt> and <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/shadow</tt>, and remove the login name from any groups in the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/group</tt> file. If you wish, delete the user's home directory, the
|
||||
mail spool file, and his crontab entry (if they exist).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Removing groups is similar: remove the group's entry from <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/group</tt>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
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cellspacing="0">
|
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<tr>
|
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<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="essential-sysadmin.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="essential-sysadmin-shutdown.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Essential System Administration</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="essential-sysadmin.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Shutting Down Properly</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
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</table>
|
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</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
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</html>
|
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|
|
@ -1,236 +0,0 @@
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<head>
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<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
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<title>Shutting Down Properly</title>
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<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
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<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
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<link rel="UP" title="Essential System Administration" href="essential-sysadmin.html" />
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<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Users and Groups, the Hard Way"
|
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href="essential-sysadmin-hardusers.html" />
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<link rel="NEXT" title="Basic Network Commands" href="basic-network-commands.html" />
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<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
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<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
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<div class="NAVHEADER">
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<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
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cellspacing="0">
|
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<tr>
|
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<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
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</tr>
|
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|
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<tr>
|
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<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="essential-sysadmin-hardusers.html"
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accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 12 Essential System
|
||||
Administration</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="basic-network-commands.html"
|
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accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
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</tr>
|
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</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-SHUTDOWN"
|
||||
name="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-SHUTDOWN">12.3 Shutting Down Properly</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It is very important that you shut down your system properly. Simply turning the power
|
||||
off with the power switch can cause serious filesystem damage. While the system is on,
|
||||
files are in use even if you aren't doing anything. Remember that there are many
|
||||
processes running in the background all the time. These processes are managing the system
|
||||
and keep a lot of files open. When the system's power is switched off, these files are
|
||||
not closed properly and may become corrupted. Depending on what files become damaged, the
|
||||
system might be rendered completely unusable! In any case, you'll have to go through a
|
||||
long filesystem check procedure on the next reboot.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NOTE">
|
||||
<table class="NOTE" width="100%" border="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="25" align="CENTER" valign="TOP"><img src="./imagelib/admon/note.png"
|
||||
hspace="5" alt="Note" /></td>
|
||||
<td align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
|
||||
<p>If you configured your system with a journalling filesystem, like ext3 or reiserfs,
|
||||
you'll be partially protected from filesystem damage, and your filesystem check on reboot
|
||||
will be shorter than if you had used a filesystem without journalling, like ext2.
|
||||
However, this safety net is no excuse for improperly shutting down your system! A
|
||||
journalling FS is meant to protect your files from events beyond your control, not from
|
||||
your own laziness.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In any case, when you want to reboot or power down your computer, it is important to
|
||||
do so properly. There are several ways of doing so; you can pick whichever one you think
|
||||
is the most fun (or least amount of work). Since a shutdown and a reboot are similar
|
||||
procedures, most of the ways for powering off the system can also be applied to
|
||||
rebooting.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The first method is through the <tt class="COMMAND">shutdown</tt>(8) program, and it
|
||||
is probably the most popular. <tt class="COMMAND">shutdown</tt> can be used to reboot or
|
||||
turn off the system at a given time, and can display a message to all the logged-in users
|
||||
of the system telling them that the system is going down.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The most basic use of shutdown to power down the computer is:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">shutdown -h now</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In this case, we are not going to send a custom message to the users; they will see
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">shutdown</tt>'s default message. “<var
|
||||
class="OPTION">now</var>” is the time that we want to shutdown, and the “<var
|
||||
class="OPTION">-h</var>” means to halt the system. This is not a very friendly way
|
||||
to run a multi-user system, but it works just fine on your home computer. A better method
|
||||
on a multiuser system would be to give everyone a little advance warning:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">shutdown -h +60</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This would shutdown the system in one hour (60 minutes), which would be just fine on a
|
||||
normal multiuser system. Vital systems should have their downtime scheduled far in
|
||||
advance, and you should post warnings about the downtime in any appropriate locations
|
||||
used for system notifications (email, bulletin board, <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/motd</tt>, whatever).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Rebooting the system uses the same command, but substitutes “<var
|
||||
class="OPTION">-r</var>” for “<var class="OPTION">-h</var>”:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">shutdown -r now</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can use same time notation with <tt class="COMMAND">shutdown -r</tt> that you
|
||||
could with <tt class="COMMAND">shutdown -h</tt>. There are a lot of other things that you
|
||||
can do with <tt class="COMMAND">shutdown</tt> to control when to halt or reboot the
|
||||
machine; see the man page for more details.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The second way of shutting down or powering off the computer is to use the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">halt</tt>(8) and <tt class="COMMAND">reboot</tt>(8) commands. As the
|
||||
names indicate, <tt class="COMMAND">halt</tt> will immediately halt the operating system,
|
||||
and <tt class="COMMAND">reboot</tt> will reboot the system. (<tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">reboot</tt> is actually just a symbolic link to <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">halt</tt>.) They are invoked like so:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">halt</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">reboot</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A lower-level way to reboot or shutdown the system is to talk directly to <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">init</tt>. All the other methods are simply convenient ways to talk to
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">init</tt>, but you can directly tell it what to do using <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">telinit</tt>(8) (note that it only has one “l”). Using <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">telinit</tt> will tell <tt class="COMMAND">init</tt> what runlevel to
|
||||
drop into, which will cause a special script to be run. This script will kill or spawn
|
||||
processes as needed for that runlevel. This works for rebooting and shutting down because
|
||||
both of those are special runlevels.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">telinit 0</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Runlevel 0 is halt mode. Telling <tt class="COMMAND">init</tt> to enter runlevel 0
|
||||
will cause all processes to be killed off, the filesystems unmounted, and the machine to
|
||||
be halted. This is a perfectly acceptable way to bring down the system. On many laptops
|
||||
and modern desktop computers, this will also cause the machine to be turned off.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">telinit 6</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Runlevel 6 is reboot mode. All processes will be killed off, the filesystems will be
|
||||
unmounted, and the machine will be rebooted. This is a perfectly acceptable method of
|
||||
rebooting the system.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>For the curious, when switching to runlevel 0 or 6, whether by using <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">shutdown</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">halt</tt>, or <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">reboot</tt>, the script <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d/rc.6</tt> is run.
|
||||
(The script <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d/rc.0</tt> is another symbolic link, to <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d/rc.6</tt>.) You can customize this file to your tastes--but be
|
||||
sure to test your changes carefully!</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There is one last method of rebooting the system. All the other methods require you to
|
||||
be logged in as <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt>. However, it is possible to reboot the
|
||||
machine even if you aren't root, provided that you have physical access to the keyboard.
|
||||
Using <b class="KEYCAP">Control</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">Alt</b>+<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Delete</b> (the "three-fingered salute") will cause the machine to
|
||||
immediately reboot. (Behind the scenes, the <tt class="COMMAND">shutdown</tt> command is
|
||||
called for you when you use <b class="KEYCAP">Control</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">Alt</b>+<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">Delete</b>.) The salute doesn't always work when using X Windows--you may
|
||||
need to use <b class="KEYCAP">Control</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">Alt</b>+<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">F1</b> (or another Function key) to switch to a non-X Windows terminal
|
||||
before using it.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Finally, the file that ultimately controls every aspect of startup and shutdown is the
|
||||
<tt class="FILENAME">/etc/inittab</tt>(5) file. In general, you should not need to modify
|
||||
this file, but it may give you insight into why some things work the way they do. As
|
||||
always, see the man pages for further details.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="essential-sysadmin-hardusers.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="basic-network-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Users and Groups, the Hard Way</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="essential-sysadmin.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Basic Network Commands</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
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</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,524 +0,0 @@
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<div class="CHAPTER">
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<h1><a id="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN" name="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN"></a>Chapter 12 Essential System
|
||||
Administration</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TOC">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>12.1 <a href="essential-sysadmin.html#ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-USERS">Users and
|
||||
Groups</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>12.2 <a href="essential-sysadmin-hardusers.html">Users and Groups, the Hard
|
||||
Way</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>12.3 <a href="essential-sysadmin-shutdown.html">Shutting Down Properly</a></dt>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Whoa whoa whoa whoa whoa.... I know what you're thinking. “I'm not a system
|
||||
administrator! I don't even want to be a system administrator!”</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Fact is, you are the administrator of any computers for which you have the <tt
|
||||
class="USERNAME">root</tt> password. This might be your desktop box with one or two
|
||||
users, or it might be a big server with several hundred. Regardless, you'll need to know
|
||||
how to manage users, and how to shut down the system safely. These tasks seem simple, but
|
||||
they have some quirks to keep in mind.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-USERS" name="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-USERS">12.1
|
||||
Users and Groups</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>As mentioned in <a href="shell.html">Chapter 8</a>, you shouldn't normally use your
|
||||
system logged in as <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt>. Instead, you should create a normal
|
||||
user account for everyday use, and use the root account only for system administration
|
||||
tasks. To create a user, you can either use the tools supplied with Slackware, or you can
|
||||
edit the password files by hand.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-USERS-SCRIPTS"
|
||||
name="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-USERS-SCRIPTS">12.1.1 Supplied Scripts</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The easiest way to manage users and groups is with the supplied scripts and programs.
|
||||
Slackware includes the programs <tt class="COMMAND">adduser</tt>, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">userdel</tt>(8), <tt class="COMMAND">chfn</tt>(1), <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">chsh</tt>(1), and <tt class="COMMAND">passwd</tt>(1) for dealing with
|
||||
users. The commands <tt class="COMMAND">groupadd</tt>(8), <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">groupdel</tt>(8), and <tt class="COMMAND">groupmod</tt>(8) are for
|
||||
dealing with groups. With the exception of <tt class="COMMAND">chfn</tt>, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">chsh</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">passwd</tt>, these programs are
|
||||
generally only run as <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt>, and are therefore located in <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/usr/sbin</tt>. <tt class="COMMAND">chfn</tt>, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">chsh</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">passwd</tt> can be run by anyone, and
|
||||
are located in <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/bin</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Users can be added with the <tt class="COMMAND">adduser</tt> program. We'll start out
|
||||
by going through the whole procedure, showing all the questions that are asked and a
|
||||
brief description of what everything means. The default answer is in the brackets, and
|
||||
can be chosen for almost all the questions, unless you really want to change
|
||||
something.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">adduser</kbd>
|
||||
Login name for new user []: jellyd
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This is the name that the user will use to login. Traditionally, login names are eight
|
||||
characters or fewer, and all lowercase characters. (You may use more than eight
|
||||
characters, or use digits, but avoid doing so unless you have a fairly important
|
||||
reason.)</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can also provide the login name as an argument on the command line:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">adduser jellyd</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In either case, after providing the login name, adduser will prompt for the user
|
||||
ID:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
User ID ('UID') [ defaults to next available ]:
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The user ID (UID) is how ownerships are really determined in Linux. Each user has a
|
||||
unique number, starting at 1000 in Slackware. You can pick a UID for the new user, or you
|
||||
can just let adduser assign the user the next free one.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
Initial group [users]:
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>All users are placed into the <tt class="USERNAME">users</tt> group by default. You
|
||||
might want to place the new user into a different group, but it is not recommended unless
|
||||
you know what you're doing.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
Additional groups (comma separated) []:
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This question allows you to place the new user into additional groups. It is possible
|
||||
for a user to be in several groups at the same time. This is useful if you have
|
||||
established groups for things like modifying web site files, playing games, and so on.
|
||||
For example, some sites define group <tt class="USERNAME">wheel</tt> as the only group
|
||||
that can use the <tt class="COMMAND">su</tt> command. Or, a default Slackware
|
||||
installation uses the <tt class="USERNAME">sys</tt> group for users authorized to play
|
||||
sounds through the internal sound card.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
Home directory [/home/jellyd]
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Home directories default to being placed under <tt class="FILENAME">/home</tt>. If you
|
||||
run a very large system, it's possible that you have moved the home directories to a
|
||||
different location (or to many locations). This step allows you to specify where the
|
||||
user's home directory will be.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
Shell [ /bin/bash ]
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">bash</tt> is the default shell for Slackware Linux, and will be
|
||||
fine for most people. If your new user comes from a Unix background, they may be familiar
|
||||
with a different shell. You can change their shell now, or they can change it themselves
|
||||
later using the <tt class="COMMAND">chsh</tt> command.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
Expiry date (YYYY-MM-DD) []:
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Accounts can be set up to expire on a specified date. By default, there is no
|
||||
expiration date. You can change that, if you'd like. This option might be useful for
|
||||
people running an ISP who might want to make an account expire upon a certain date,
|
||||
unless they receive the next year's payment.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
New account will be created as follows:
|
||||
---------------------------------------
|
||||
Login name: jellyd
|
||||
UID: [ Next available ]
|
||||
Initial group: users
|
||||
Additional groups: [ None ]
|
||||
Home directory: /home/jellyd
|
||||
Shell: /bin/bash
|
||||
Expiry date: [ Never ]
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This is it... if you want to bail out, hit <b class="KEYCAP">Control</b>+<b
|
||||
class="KEYCAP">C</b>. Otherwise, press <kbd class="USERINPUT">ENTER</kbd> to go ahead and
|
||||
make the account.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You now see all the information that you've entered about the new account and are
|
||||
given the opportunity to abort the account creation. If you entered something
|
||||
incorrectly, you should hit <b class="KEYCAP">Control</b>+<b class="KEYCAP">C</b> and
|
||||
start over. Otherwise, you can hit <kbd class="USERINPUT">enter</kbd> and the account
|
||||
will be made.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
Creating new account...
|
||||
|
||||
Changing the user information for jellyd
|
||||
Enter the new value, or press return for the default
|
||||
Full Name []: Jeremy
|
||||
Room Number []: Smith 130
|
||||
Work Phone []:
|
||||
Home Phone []:
|
||||
Other []:
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>All of this information is optional. You don't have to enter any of this if you don't
|
||||
want to, and the user can change it at any time using <tt class="COMMAND">chfn</tt>.
|
||||
However, you might find it helpful to enter at least the full name and a phone number, in
|
||||
case you need to get in touch with the person later.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
Changing password for jellyd
|
||||
Enter the new password (minimum of 5, maximum of 127 characters)
|
||||
Please use a combination of upper and lower case letters and numbers.
|
||||
New password:
|
||||
Re-enter new password:
|
||||
Password changed.
|
||||
|
||||
Account setup complete.
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You'll have to enter a password for the new user. Generally, if the new user is not
|
||||
physically present at this point, you'll just pick some default password and tell the
|
||||
user to change it to something more secure.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NOTE">
|
||||
<table class="NOTE" width="100%" border="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="25" align="CENTER" valign="TOP"><img src="./imagelib/admon/note.png"
|
||||
hspace="5" alt="Note" /></td>
|
||||
<td align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
|
||||
<p><span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">Choosing a Password</i></span>: Having a
|
||||
secure password is the first line of defense against getting cracked. You do not want to
|
||||
have an easily guessed password, because that makes it easier for someone to break into
|
||||
your system. Ideally, a secure password would be a random string of characters, including
|
||||
upper and lowercase letters, numbers, and random characters. (A tab character might not
|
||||
be a wise choice, depending on what kinds of computers you'll be logging in from.) There
|
||||
are many software packages that can generate random passwords for you; search the
|
||||
Internet for these utilities.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In general, just use common sense: don't pick a password that is someone's birthday, a
|
||||
common phrase, something found on your desk, or anything that is easily associated with
|
||||
you. A password like “secure1” or any other password you see in print or
|
||||
online is also bad.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Removing users is not difficult at all. Just run <tt class="COMMAND">userdel</tt> with
|
||||
the name of the account to remove. You should verify that the user is not logged in, and
|
||||
that no processes are running as that user. Also, remember that once you've deleted the
|
||||
user, all of that user's password information is gone permanently.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">userdel jellyd</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This command removes that annoying <tt class="USERNAME">jellyd</tt> user from your
|
||||
system. Good riddance! :) The user is removed from the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/passwd</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/shadow</tt>, and <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/group</tt> files, but doesn't remove the user's home directory.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you'd wanted to remove the home directory as well, you would instead use this
|
||||
command:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">userdel -r jellyd</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Temporarily disabling an account will be covered in the next section on passwords,
|
||||
since a temporary change involves changing the user's password. Changing other account
|
||||
information is covered in <a
|
||||
href="essential-sysadmin.html#ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-USERS-CHANGING">Section 12.1.3</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The programs to add and remove groups are very simple. <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">groupadd</tt> will just add another entry to the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/group</tt> file with a unique group ID, while <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">groupdel</tt> will remove the specified group. It is up to you to edit
|
||||
<tt class="FILENAME">/etc/group</tt> to add users to a specific group. For example, to
|
||||
add a group called <tt class="USERNAME">cvs</tt>:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">groupadd cvs</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>And to remove it:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">groupdel cvs</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-USERS-PASSWDS"
|
||||
name="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-USERS-PASSWDS">12.1.2 Changing Passwords</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">passwd</tt> program changes passwords by modifying the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/shadow</tt> file. This file holds all the passwords for the system
|
||||
in an encrypted format. In order to change your own password, you would type:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">passwd</kbd>
|
||||
Changing password for chris
|
||||
Old password:
|
||||
Enter the new password (minumum of 5, maximum of 127 characters)
|
||||
Please use a combination of upper and lower case letters and numbers.
|
||||
New password:
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>As you can see, you are prompted to enter your old password. It won't appear on the
|
||||
screen as you type it, just like when you log in. Then, you are prompted to enter the new
|
||||
password. <tt class="COMMAND">passwd</tt> performs a lot of checks on your new password,
|
||||
and it will complain if your new password doesn't pass its checks. You can ignore its
|
||||
warnings if you want. You will be prompted to enter your new password a second time for
|
||||
confirmation.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you are <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt>, you can also change another user's
|
||||
password:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">passwd ted</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You will then have to go through the same procedure as above, except that you won't
|
||||
have to enter the user's old password. (One of the many benefits of being <tt
|
||||
class="USERNAME">root</tt>...)</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If needed, you can also temporarily disable an account, and reenable it at a later
|
||||
time if needed. Both disabling an account and reenabling an account can be done with <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">passwd</tt>. To disable an account, do the following as <tt
|
||||
class="USERNAME">root</tt>:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">passwd -l david</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This will change david's password to something that can never match any encrypted
|
||||
value. You would reenable the account by using:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">passwd -u david</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Now, david's account is back to normal. Disabling an account might be useful if the
|
||||
user doesn't play by the rules you've set up on your system, or if they've exported a
|
||||
very large copy of <tt class="COMMAND">xeyes</tt>(1) to your X desktop.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-USERS-CHANGING"
|
||||
name="ESSENTIAL-SYSADMIN-USERS-CHANGING">12.1.3 Changing User Information</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There are two pieces of information that users can change at any time: their shell and
|
||||
their finger information. Slackware Linux uses <tt class="COMMAND">chsh</tt> (change
|
||||
shell) and <tt class="COMMAND">chfn</tt> (change finger) to modify these values.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A user can pick any shell that is listed in the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/shells</tt>
|
||||
file. For most people, <tt class="COMMAND">/bin/bash</tt> will do just fine. Others might
|
||||
be familiar with a shell found on their system at work or school and want to use what
|
||||
they already know. To change your shell, use <tt class="COMMAND">chsh</tt>:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">chsh</kbd>
|
||||
Password:
|
||||
Changing the login shell for chris
|
||||
Enter the new value, or press return for the default
|
||||
Login Shell [/bin/bash]:
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>After entering your password, enter the full path to the new shell. Make sure that
|
||||
it's listed in the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/shells</tt>(5) file first. The <tt
|
||||
class="USERNAME">root</tt> user can also change any user's shell by running <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">chsh</tt> with a username as the argument.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The finger information is the optional information such as your full name, phone
|
||||
numbers, and room number. This can be changed using <tt class="COMMAND">chfn</tt>, and
|
||||
follows the same procedure as it did during account creation. As usual, <tt
|
||||
class="USERNAME">root</tt> can change anyone's finger information.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="process-control-top.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="essential-sysadmin-hardusers.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><tt class="COMMAND">top</tt></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Users and Groups, the Hard Way</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Copy and Move</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Handling Files and Directories" href="file-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Creation: touch and mkdir"
|
||||
href="file-commands-creation.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Deletion: rm and rmdir" href="file-commands-deletion.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-creation.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 10 Handling Files and
|
||||
Directories</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-deletion.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILE-COMMANDS-COPYMOVE" name="FILE-COMMANDS-COPYMOVE">10.5 Copy
|
||||
and Move</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="FILE-COMMANDS-COPYMOVE-CP"
|
||||
name="FILE-COMMANDS-COPYMOVE-CP">10.5.1 <tt class="COMMAND">cp</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">cp</tt>(1) copies files. DOS users will notice its similarity to
|
||||
the <tt class="COMMAND">copy</tt> command. There are many options for <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">cp</tt> , so you should have a look at the man page before using it.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A common use is to use <tt class="COMMAND">cp</tt> to copy a file from one location to
|
||||
another. For example:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cp hejaz /tmp</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This copies the <tt class="FILENAME">hejaz</tt> file from the current directory to the
|
||||
<tt class="FILENAME">/tmp</tt> directory.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Many users prefer to keep the timestamps preserved, as in this example:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cp -a hejaz /tmp</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This ensures that the timestamps are not modified in the copy.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To recursively copy the contents of a directory to another directory, you would issue
|
||||
this command:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cp -R <var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">mydir</var> /tmp</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>That will copy the <var class="REPLACEABLE">mydir</var> directory to the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/tmp</tt> directory.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Also if you wish to copy a directory or a file and keep all it's old permissions and
|
||||
time stamps and keep it exactly the same use <tt class="COMMAND">cp -p</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l file</kbd>
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root vlad 4 Jan 1 15:27 file
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cp -p file /tmp</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l /tmp/file</kbd>
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root vlad 4 Jan 1 15:27 file
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">cp</tt> has many more options that are discussed in detail in the
|
||||
online manual page.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3712" name="AEN3712">10.5.2 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">mv</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">mv</tt>(1) moves files from one place to another. Sounds simple
|
||||
enough doesn't it?</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">mv oldfile /tmp/newfile</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">mv</tt> has a few useful command line options that are detailed in
|
||||
the man page. In practice, <tt class="COMMAND">mv</tt> is almost never used with
|
||||
commandline options.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-creation.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-deletion.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Creation: <tt class="COMMAND">touch</tt> and
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">mkdir</tt></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="file-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Deletion: <tt class="COMMAND">rm</tt> and <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">rmdir</tt></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Creation: touch and mkdir</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Handling Files and Directories" href="file-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Simple Output: cat and echo"
|
||||
href="file-commands-output.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Copy and Move" href="file-commands-copymove.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-output.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 10 Handling Files and
|
||||
Directories</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-copymove.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILE-COMMANDS-CREATION" name="FILE-COMMANDS-CREATION">10.4
|
||||
Creation: <tt class="COMMAND">touch</tt> and <tt class="COMMAND">mkdir</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3619" name="AEN3619">10.4.1 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">touch</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">touch</tt>(1) is used to change the timestamp on a file. You can
|
||||
change access timestamps and modification timestamps with this command. If the file
|
||||
specified does not exist, <tt class="COMMAND">touch</tt> will create a zero length file
|
||||
with the name specified. To mark a file with the current system time, you would issue
|
||||
this command:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -al file1</kbd>
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9779 Feb 7 21:41 file1
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">touch file1</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -al file1</kbd>
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9779 Feb 8 09:17 file1
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There are several options for <tt class="COMMAND">touch</tt>, including options to
|
||||
specify which timestamp to modify, the time to use, and many more. The online manual page
|
||||
discusses these in detail.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3639" name="AEN3639">10.4.2 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">mkdir</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">mkdir</tt>(1) will create a new directory. You simply specify the
|
||||
directory to create when you run mkdir. This example creates the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">hejaz</tt> directory in the current directory:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">mkdir hejaz</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can also specify a path, like this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">mkdir /usr/local/hejaz</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <var class="OPTION">-p</var> option will tell <tt class="COMMAND">mkdir</tt> to
|
||||
make any parent directories. The above example will fail if <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">/usr/local</tt> does not exist. The <var class="OPTION">-p</var> option
|
||||
will create <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/local</tt> and <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/usr/local/hejaz</tt>:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">mkdir -p /usr/local/hejaz</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-output.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-copymove.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Simple Output: <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> and
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="file-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Copy and Move</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,189 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Deletion: rm and rmdir</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Handling Files and Directories" href="file-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Copy and Move" href="file-commands-copymove.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Aliasing files with ln" href="file-commands-link.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-copymove.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 10 Handling Files and
|
||||
Directories</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-link.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILE-COMMANDS-DELETION" name="FILE-COMMANDS-DELETION">10.6
|
||||
Deletion: <tt class="COMMAND">rm</tt> and <tt class="COMMAND">rmdir</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3733" name="AEN3733">10.6.1 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">rm</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">rm</tt>(1) removes files and directory trees. DOS users will
|
||||
notice the similarity to both the <tt class="COMMAND">del</tt> and <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">deltree</tt> commands. <tt class="COMMAND">rm</tt> can be very dangerous
|
||||
if you do not watch yourself. While it is sometimes possible to retrieve a recently
|
||||
deleted file, it can be complicated (and potentially costly) and is beyond the scope of
|
||||
this book.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To remove a single file, specify its name when you run rm:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">rm file1</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the file has write permissions removed, you may get a permission denied error
|
||||
message. To force removal of the file no matter what, pass the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">-f</tt> option, like this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">rm -f file1</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To remove an entire directory, you use the <var class="OPTION">-r</var> and <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">-f</var> options together. This is a good example of how to delete the
|
||||
entire contents of your hard drive. You really don't want to do this. But here's the
|
||||
command anyway:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">rm -rf /</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Be very careful with <tt class="COMMAND">rm</tt>; you can shoot yourself in the foot.
|
||||
There are several command line options, which are discussed in detail in the online
|
||||
manual page.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3764" name="AEN3764">10.6.2 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">rmdir</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">rmdir</tt>(1) removes directories from the filesystem. The
|
||||
directory must be empty before it can be removed. The syntax is simply:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">rmdir <<var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">directory</var>></kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This example will remove the <tt class="FILENAME">hejaz</tt> subdirectory in the
|
||||
current working directory:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">rmdir hejaz</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If that directory does not exist, <tt class="COMMAND">rmdir</tt> will tell you. You
|
||||
can also specify a full path to a directory to remove, as this example shows:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">rmdir /tmp/hejaz</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>That example will try to remove the <tt class="FILENAME">hejaz</tt> directory inside
|
||||
the <tt class="FILENAME">/tmp</tt> directory.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can also remove a directory and all of its parent directories by passing the <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">-p</var> option.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">rmdir -p /tmp/hejaz</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This will first try to remove the <tt class="FILENAME">hejaz</tt> directory inside <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/tmp</tt>. If that is successful, it will try to remove <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/tmp</tt>. <tt class="COMMAND">rmdir</tt> will continue this until an
|
||||
error is encountered or the entire tree specified is removed.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-copymove.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-link.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Copy and Move</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="file-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Aliasing files with <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ln</tt></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
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<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Aliasing files with ln</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
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<link rel="UP" title="Handling Files and Directories" href="file-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Deletion: rm and rmdir" href="file-commands-deletion.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Process Control" href="process-control.html" />
|
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<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
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</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-deletion.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 10 Handling Files and
|
||||
Directories</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="process-control.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILE-COMMANDS-LINK" name="FILE-COMMANDS-LINK">10.7 Aliasing
|
||||
files with <tt class="COMMAND">ln</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">ln</tt>(1) is used to create links between files. These links can
|
||||
be either hard links or soft (symbolic) links. The differences between the two kinds of
|
||||
links were discussed in <a href="filesystem-structure-links.html">Section 9.3</a>. If you
|
||||
wanted to make a symbolic link to the directory <tt class="FILENAME">/var/media/mp3</tt>
|
||||
and place the link in your home directory, you would do this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ln -s /var/media/mp3 ~/mp3</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <var class="OPTION">-s</var> option tells <tt class="COMMAND">ln</tt> to make a
|
||||
symbolic link. The next option is the target of the link, and the final option is what to
|
||||
call the link. In this case, it will just make a file called <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">mp3</tt> in your home directory that points to <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/var/media/mp3</tt>. You can call the link itself whatever you want by
|
||||
just changing the last option.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Making a hard link is just as simple. All you have to do is leave off the <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">-s</var> option. Hard links may not normally refer to directories or span
|
||||
file systems, however. To create a hard link <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/bin/email</tt> to
|
||||
<tt class="FILENAME">/usr/bin/mutt</tt>, simply type the following:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">ln /usr/bin/mutt /usr/bin/email</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-deletion.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="process-control.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Deletion: <tt class="COMMAND">rm</tt> and <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">rmdir</tt></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="file-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Process Control</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Simple Output: cat and echo</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
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<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
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<link rel="UP" title="Handling Files and Directories" href="file-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Pagers: more, less, and most"
|
||||
href="file-commands-pagers.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Creation: touch and mkdir" href="file-commands-creation.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
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</head>
|
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<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-pagers.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 10 Handling Files and
|
||||
Directories</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-creation.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILE-COMMANDS-OUTPUT" name="FILE-COMMANDS-OUTPUT">10.3 Simple
|
||||
Output: <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> and <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3559" name="AEN3559">10.3.1 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">cat</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt>(1) is short for “concatenate”. It was
|
||||
originally designed to merge text files into one, but can be used for many other
|
||||
purposes.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To merge two or more files into one, you simply list the files after the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">cat</tt> command and then redirect the new output to a file. <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">cat</tt> works with standard input and standard output, so you have to
|
||||
use the shell redirection characters. For example:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">cat file1 file2 file3 > bigfile</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This command takes the contents of <tt class="FILENAME">file1</tt>, <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">file2</tt>, and <tt class="FILENAME">file3</tt> and merges it all
|
||||
together. The new output is sent to standard out.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>One can also use <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> to display files. Many people <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">cat</tt> text files through the <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt> or <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">less</tt> commands, like this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cat file1 | more</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>That will display the <tt class="FILENAME">file1</tt> file and pipe it through the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">more</tt> command so that you only get one screen at a time.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Another common use for <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> is copying files. You can copy any
|
||||
file around with <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt>, like this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cat /bin/bash > ~/mybash</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">/bin/bash</tt> program is copied to your home directory and
|
||||
named <tt class="FILENAME">mybash</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> has many uses and the ones discussed here are just a few.
|
||||
Since <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> makes extensive use of standard input and standard
|
||||
output, it is ideal for use in shell scripts or part of other complex commands.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3603" name="AEN3603">10.3.2 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">echo</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt>(1) command displays the specified text on the
|
||||
screen. You specify the string to display after the <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt>
|
||||
command. By default <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt> will display the string and print a
|
||||
newline character after it. You can pass the <var class="OPTION">-n</var> option to
|
||||
suppress the printing of the newline. The <var class="OPTION">-e</var> option will cause
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt> to search for escape characters in the string and execute
|
||||
them.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-pagers.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-creation.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Pagers: <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">less</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="file-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Creation: <tt class="COMMAND">touch</tt> and
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">mkdir</tt></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Pagers: more, less, and most</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Handling Files and Directories" href="file-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Handling Files and Directories" href="file-commands.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Simple Output: cat and echo" href="file-commands-output.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 10 Handling Files and
|
||||
Directories</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-output.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILE-COMMANDS-PAGERS" name="FILE-COMMANDS-PAGERS">10.2 Pagers:
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">less</tt>, and <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">most</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3491" name="AEN3491">10.2.1 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">more</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>(1) is what we call a pager utility. Oftentimes the
|
||||
output of a particular command is too big to fit on one screen. The individual commands
|
||||
do not know how to fit their output to separate screens. They leave this job to the pager
|
||||
utility.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt> command breaks the output into individual screens
|
||||
and waits for you to press the space bar before continuing on to the next screen.
|
||||
Pressing the enter key will advance the output one line. Here is a good example:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /usr/bin</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>That should scroll for a while. To break up the output screen by screen, just pipe it
|
||||
through more:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l | more</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>That is the pipe character (shift backslash). The pipe is short for saying take the
|
||||
output of <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> and feed it into <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>. You
|
||||
can pipe just about anything through the <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt> command, not just
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt>. Piping is also covered in <a
|
||||
href="shell-command-line.html#SHELL-COMMAND-LINE-PIPING">Section 8.2.3</a>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3518" name="AEN3518">10.2.2 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">less</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt> command is quite handy, but often you will find that
|
||||
you have advanced past the screen you wanted. more does not provide a way to go back. The
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">less</tt>(1) command provides this functionality. It is used in the
|
||||
same way as the <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt> command, so the previous examples apply
|
||||
here too. So, <tt class="COMMAND">less</tt> is more than <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>.
|
||||
Joost Kremers puts it this way:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<a id="AEN3530" name="AEN3530"></a>
|
||||
<blockquote class="BLOCKQUOTE">
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">less</tt> is more, but more <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt> than <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">more</tt> is, so <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt> is less <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">less</tt>, so use more <tt class="COMMAND">less</tt> if you want less <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">more</tt>.</p>
|
||||
</blockquote>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3539" name="AEN3539">10.2.3 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">most</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Where <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt> and <tt class="COMMAND">less</tt> leave off, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">most</tt>(1) picks back up. If <tt class="COMMAND">less</tt> is more than
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt> is more than <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">less</tt>. Whereas the other pagers can only display one file at a time,
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">most</tt> is capable of viewing any number of files, as long as each
|
||||
file's window is at least 2 lines long. <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt> has a lot of
|
||||
options, check the man page for full details.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="file-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-output.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Handling Files and Directories</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="file-commands.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Simple Output: <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt>
|
||||
and <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Handling Files and Directories</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="NFS Mounts" href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Pagers: more, less, and most" href="file-commands-pagers.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="CHAPTER" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom"></td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-pagers.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="CHAPTER">
|
||||
<h1><a id="FILE-COMMANDS" name="FILE-COMMANDS"></a>Chapter 10 Handling Files and
|
||||
Directories</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TOC">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>10.1 <a href="file-commands.html#FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION">Navigation : <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ls</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt>, and <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>10.2 <a href="file-commands-pagers.html">Pagers: <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">less</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>10.3 <a href="file-commands-output.html">Simple Output: <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt>
|
||||
and <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>10.4 <a href="file-commands-creation.html">Creation: <tt class="COMMAND">touch</tt>
|
||||
and <tt class="COMMAND">mkdir</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>10.5 <a href="file-commands-copymove.html">Copy and Move</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>10.6 <a href="file-commands-deletion.html">Deletion: <tt class="COMMAND">rm</tt> and
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">rmdir</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>10.7 <a href="file-commands-link.html">Aliasing files with <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ln</tt></a></dt>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Linux aims to the most Unix-like it can be. Traditionally, Unix operating systems have
|
||||
been command-line oriented. We do have a graphical user interface in Slackware, but the
|
||||
command-line is still the main level of control for the system. Therefore, it is
|
||||
important to understand some of the basic file management commands.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The following sections explain the common file management commands and provide
|
||||
examples of how they are used. There are many other commands, but these will help you get
|
||||
started. Also, the commands are only briefly discussed here. You will find more detail in
|
||||
the accompanying man pages for each command.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION" name="FILE-COMMANDS-NAVIGATION">10.1
|
||||
Navigation : <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt>, <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt>, and <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3398" name="AEN3398">10.1.1 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ls</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This command lists files in a directory. Windows and DOS users will notice its
|
||||
similarity to the <tt class="COMMAND">dir</tt> command. By itself, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ls</tt>(1) will list the files in the current directory. To see what's in
|
||||
your root directory, you could issue these commands:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls</kbd>
|
||||
bin cdr dev home lost+found proc sbin tmp var
|
||||
boot cdrom etc lib mnt root suncd usr vmlinuz
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The problem a lot of people have with that output is that you cannot easily tell what
|
||||
is a directory and what is a file. Some users prefer that <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> add
|
||||
a type identifier to each listing, like this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -FC</kbd>
|
||||
bin/ cdr/ dev/ home/ lost+found/ proc/ sbin/ tmp/ var/
|
||||
boot/ cdrom/ etc/ lib/ mnt/ root/ suncd/ usr/ vmlinuz
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Directories get a slash at the end of the name, executable files get an asterisk at
|
||||
the end of the name, and so on.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> can also be used to get other statistics on files. For
|
||||
example, to see the creation dates, owners, and permissions, you would look at a long
|
||||
listing:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l</kbd>
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 4096 May 7 09:11 bin/
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 24 03:55 boot/
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 18 01:10 cdr/
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 6144 Oct 23 18:37 cdrom/
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 28672 Mar 5 18:01 dev/
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:32 etc/
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:31 home/
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 23 21:29 lib/
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 16384 Nov 1 08:53 lost+found/
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 6 12:47 mnt/
|
||||
dr-xr-xr-x 62 root root 0 Mar 4 15:32 proc/
|
||||
drwxr-x--x 12 root root 4096 Feb 26 02:06 root/
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 2 root bin 4096 Feb 17 02:02 sbin/
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 2048 Oct 25 10:51 suncd/
|
||||
drwxrwxrwt 4 root root 487424 Mar 7 20:42 tmp/
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 4096 Aug 24 03:04 usr/
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 4096 Mar 8 03:32 var/
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Suppose you want to get a listing of the hidden files in the current directory. This
|
||||
command will do just that:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -a</kbd>
|
||||
. bin cdrom home mnt sbin usr
|
||||
.. boot dev lib proc suncd var
|
||||
.pwrchute_tmp cdr etc lost+found root tmp vmlinuz
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Files beginning with a period (called dot files) are hidden when you run <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ls</tt>. You will only see them if you pass the <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">-a</var> option.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There are many more options that can be found in the online manual page. Don't forget
|
||||
that you can combine options that you pass to <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3436" name="AEN3436">10.1.2 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">cd</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> command is used to change working directories. You
|
||||
simply type <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> followed by the path name to change to. Here are
|
||||
some examples:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
darkstar:~$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /bin</kbd>
|
||||
darkstar:/bin$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd usr</kbd>
|
||||
bash: cd: usr: No such file or directory
|
||||
darkstar:/bin$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /usr</kbd>
|
||||
darkstar:/usr$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls</kbd>
|
||||
bin
|
||||
darkstar:/usr$ <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd bin</kbd>
|
||||
darkstar:/usr/bin$
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Notice that without the preceding slash, it tries to change to a directory in the
|
||||
current directory. Also executing <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> with no options will move
|
||||
you to your home directory.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> command is not like the other commands. It is a
|
||||
builtin shell command. Shell builtins are discussed in <a
|
||||
href="shell-bash.html#SHELL-BASH-ENVIRONMENT">Section 8.3.1</a>. This may not make any
|
||||
sense to you right now. Basically it means there is no man page for this command.
|
||||
Instead, you have to use the shell help. Like this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">help cd</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It will display the options for <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> and how to use them.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3463" name="AEN3463">10.1.3 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">pwd</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt> command is used to show your current location. To use
|
||||
the <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt> command just type <tt class="COMMAND">pwd</tt>. For
|
||||
example:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /bin</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">pwd</kbd>
|
||||
/bin
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /usr</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd bin</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">pwd</kbd>
|
||||
/usr/bin
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-pagers.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">NFS Mounts</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Pagers: <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">less</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Links</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Filesystem Structure" href="filesystem-structure.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Permissions" href="filesystem-structure-permissions.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Mounting Devices" href="filesystem-structure-mounting.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a
|
||||
href="filesystem-structure-permissions.html" accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 9 Filesystem Structure</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a
|
||||
href="filesystem-structure-mounting.html" accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-LINKS"
|
||||
name="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-LINKS">9.3 Links</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Links are pointers between files. With links, you can have files exist in many
|
||||
locations and be accessible by many names. There are two types of links: hard and
|
||||
soft.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Hard links are names for a particular file. They can only exist within a single
|
||||
filesystem and are only removed when the real name is removed from the system. These are
|
||||
useful in some cases, but many users find the soft link to be more versatile.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The soft link, also called a symbolic link, can point to a file outside of its
|
||||
filesystem. It is actually a small file containing the information it needs. You can add
|
||||
and remove soft links without affecting the actual file. And since a symbolic link is
|
||||
actually a small file containing its own information, they can even point at a directory.
|
||||
It's rather common to have <tt class="FILENAME">/var/tmp</tt> actually be a symbolic link
|
||||
to <tt class="FILENAME">/tmp</tt> for example.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Links do not have their own set of permissions or ownerships, but instead reflect
|
||||
those of the file they point to. Slackware uses mostly soft links. Here is a common
|
||||
example:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l /bin/sh</kbd>
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Apr 6 12:34 /bin/sh -> bash
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">sh</tt> shell under Slackware is actually <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">bash</tt>. Removing links is done using <tt class="COMMAND">rm</tt>. The
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">ln</tt> command is used to create links. These commands will be
|
||||
discussed in more depth in <a href="file-commands.html">Chapter 10</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It's very important to be careful about symlinks in particular. Once, I was working on
|
||||
a machine that was consistently failing to back-up to tape each night. Two symlinks had
|
||||
been made to directories beneath each other. The back-up software kept appending those
|
||||
same directories to the tape until it was out of space. Normally, a set of checks will
|
||||
prevent creating a symlink in this situation, but ours was a special case.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure-permissions.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure-mounting.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Permissions</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Mounting Devices</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,184 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Mounting Devices</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Filesystem Structure" href="filesystem-structure.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Links" href="filesystem-structure-links.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="NFS Mounts" href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="filesystem-structure-links.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 9 Filesystem Structure</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-MOUNTING"
|
||||
name="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-MOUNTING">9.4 Mounting Devices</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>As was previously discussed in <a
|
||||
href="system-configuration.html#SYSTEM-CONFIGURATION-LAYOUT">Section 4.1.1</a>, all the
|
||||
drives and devices in your computer are one big filesystem. Various hard drive
|
||||
partitions, CD-ROMs, and floppies are all placed in the same tree. In order to attach
|
||||
these drives to the filesystem so that you can access them, you have to use the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">mount</tt>(1) and <tt class="COMMAND">umount</tt>(1) commands.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Some devices are automatically mounted when you boot up your computer. These are
|
||||
listed in the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/fstab</tt> file. Anything that you want to be
|
||||
mounted automatically gets an entry in that file. For other devices, you'll have to issue
|
||||
a command every time you want to use the device.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3319" name="AEN3319">9.4.1 <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">fstab</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Let's look at an example of the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/fstab</tt> file:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cat /etc/fstab</kbd>
|
||||
/dev/sda1 / ext2 defaults 1 1
|
||||
/dev/sda2 /usr/local ext2 defaults 1 1
|
||||
/dev/sda4 /home ext2 defaults 1 1
|
||||
/dev/sdb1 swap swap defaults 0 0
|
||||
/dev/sdb3 /export ext2 defaults 1 1
|
||||
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
|
||||
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
|
||||
/dev/fd0 /mnt ext2 defaults 0 0
|
||||
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 ro 0 0
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The first column is the device name. In this case, the devices are five partitions
|
||||
spread out across two SCSI hard drives, two special filesystems that don't need a device,
|
||||
a floppy, and a CD-ROM drive. The second column is where the device will be mounted. This
|
||||
needs to be a directory name, except in the case of a swap partition. The third column is
|
||||
the filesystem type of the device. For normal Linux filesystems, this will be <var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">ext2</var> (second extended filesystem). CD-ROM drives are <var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">iso9660</var>, and Windows-based devices will either be <var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">msdos</var> or <var class="LITERAL">vfat</var>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The fourth column is a listing of options that apply to the mounted filesystem.
|
||||
defaults is fine for just about everything. However, read-only devices should be given
|
||||
the <var class="LITERAL">ro</var> flag. There are a lot of options that can be used.
|
||||
Check the <tt class="FILENAME">fstab</tt>(5) man page for more information. The last two
|
||||
columns are used by <tt class="COMMAND">fsck</tt> and other commands that need to
|
||||
manipulate the devices. Check the man page for that information as well.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>When you install Slackware Linux, the setup program will build much of the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">fstab</tt> file.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3340" name="AEN3340">9.4.2 <tt class="COMMAND">mount</tt> and
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">umount</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Attaching another device to your filesystem is easy. All you have to do is use the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">mount</tt> command, along with a few options. Using <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">mount</tt> can simplified if the device has an entry in the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/fstab</tt> file. For example, let's say that I wanted to mount my
|
||||
CD-ROM drive and that my <tt class="COMMAND">fstab</tt> file looked like the example from
|
||||
the previous section. I would call <tt class="COMMAND">mount</tt> like so:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">mount /cdrom</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Since there is an entry in <tt class="FILENAME">fstab</tt> for that mount point, <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">mount</tt> knows what options to use. If there wasn't an entry for that
|
||||
device, I would have to use several options for <tt class="COMMAND">mount</tt>:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">mount -t iso9660 -o ro /dev/cdrom /cdrom</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>That command line includes the same information as the example <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">fstab</tt> did, but we'll go over all the parts anyways. The <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">-t iso9660</var> is the filesystem type of the device to mount. In this
|
||||
case, it would be the iso9660 filesystem which is what CD-ROM drives most commonly use.
|
||||
The <var class="OPTION">-o ro</var> tells mount to mount the device read-only. The <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/dev/cdrom</tt> is the name of the device to mount, and <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/cdrom</tt> is the location on the filesystem to mount the drive.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Before you can remove a floppy, CD-ROM, or other removable device that is currently
|
||||
mounted, you'll have to unmount it. That is done using the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">umount</tt> command. Don't ask where the “n” went because we
|
||||
couldn't tell you. You can use either the mounted device or the mount point as the
|
||||
argument to <tt class="COMMAND">umount</tt>. For example, if you wanted to unmount the
|
||||
CD-ROM from the previous example, either of these commands would work:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">umount /dev/cdrom</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">umount /cdrom</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure-links.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Links</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">NFS Mounts</td>
|
||||
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|
||||
</table>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-NFS" name="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-NFS">9.5
|
||||
NFS Mounts</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>NFS stands for the Network Filesystem. It is not really part of the real filesystem,
|
||||
but can be used to add parts to the mounted filesystem.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Large Unix environments often times share the same programs, sets of home directories,
|
||||
and mail spool. The problem of getting the same copy to each machine is solved with NFS.
|
||||
We can use NFS to share one set of home directories between all of the workstations. The
|
||||
workstations then mount that NFS share as if it were on their own machines.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>See <a href="network-configuration-nfs.html#NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-NFS-NFS">Section
|
||||
5.6.2</a> and the man pages for <tt class="FILENAME">exports</tt>(5), <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">nfsd</tt>(8), and <tt class="COMMAND">mountd</tt>(8) for more
|
||||
information.</p>
|
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<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 9 Filesystem Structure</td>
|
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accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
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|
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|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-PERMISSIONS"
|
||||
name="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-PERMISSIONS">9.2 Permissions</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Permissions are the other important part of the multiuser aspects of the filesystem.
|
||||
With these, you can change who can read, write, and execute files.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The permission information is stored as four octal digits, each specifying a different
|
||||
set of permissions. There are owner permissions, group permissions, and world
|
||||
permissions. The fourth octal digit is used to store special information such as set user
|
||||
ID, set group ID, and the sticky bit. The octal values assigned to the permission modes
|
||||
are (they also have letters associated with them that are displayed by programs such as
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> and can be used by <tt class="COMMAND">chmod</tt>):</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TABLE"><a id="AEN3142" name="AEN3142"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Table 9-1. Octal Permission Values</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" frame="void" class="CALSTABLE">
|
||||
<col width="3*" />
|
||||
<col width="1*" align="CENTER" />
|
||||
<col width="1*" align="CENTER" />
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th>Permission Type</th>
|
||||
<th>Octal Value</th>
|
||||
<th>Letter Value</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>“sticky” bit</td>
|
||||
<td>1</td>
|
||||
<td>t</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>set user ID</td>
|
||||
<td>4</td>
|
||||
<td>s</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>set group ID</td>
|
||||
<td>2</td>
|
||||
<td>s</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>read</td>
|
||||
<td>4</td>
|
||||
<td>r</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>write</td>
|
||||
<td>2</td>
|
||||
<td>w</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>execute</td>
|
||||
<td>1</td>
|
||||
<td>x</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You add the octal values for each permission group. For example, if you want the group
|
||||
permissions to be “read” and “write”, you would use
|
||||
“6” in the group portion of the permission information.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">bash</tt>'s default permissions are:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l /bin/bash</kbd>
|
||||
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root bin 477692 Mar 21 19:57 /bin/bash
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The first dash would be replaced with a “d” if this was a directory. The
|
||||
three permission groups (owner, group, and world) are displayed next. We see that the
|
||||
owner has read, write, and execute permissions (<var class="LITERAL">rwx</var>). The
|
||||
group has only read and execute (<var class="LITERAL">r-x</var>). And everyone else has
|
||||
only read and execute (<var class="LITERAL">r-x</var>).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>How would we set permissions on another file to resemble <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">bash</tt>'s? First, let's make an example file:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">touch /tmp/example</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l /tmp/example</kbd>
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--- 1 david users 0 Apr 19 11:21 /tmp/example
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>We will use <tt class="COMMAND">chmod</tt>(1) (which means “change mode”)
|
||||
to set the permissions on the example file. Add the octal numbers for the permissions you
|
||||
want. For the owner to have read, write, and execute, we would have a value of <var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">7</var>. Read and execute would have <var class="LITERAL">5</var>. Run
|
||||
those together and pass them to <tt class="COMMAND">chmod</tt> like this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">chmod 755 /tmp/example</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l /tmp/example</kbd>
|
||||
-rwxr-xr-x 1 david users 0 Apr 19 11:21 /tmp/example
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Now you may be thinking, “Why didn't it just create a file with those
|
||||
permissions in the first place?” Well the answer is simple. <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">bash</tt> includes a nice little built-in called <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">umask</tt>. This is included with most Unix shells as well, and controls
|
||||
what file permissions are assigned to newly created files. We discussed <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">bash</tt> built-ins to some degree in <a
|
||||
href="shell-bash.html#SHELL-BASH-ENVIRONMENT">Section 8.3.1</a>. <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">umask</tt> takes a little getting used to. It works very similar to <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">chmod</tt>, only in reverse. You specify the octal values you do not wish
|
||||
to have present in newly created files. The default umask value is <var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">0022</var>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">umask</kbd>
|
||||
0022
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">umask 0077</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">touch tempfile</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l tempfile</kbd>
|
||||
-rw-------- 1 david users 0 Apr 19 11:21 tempfile
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>See the man page for <tt class="COMMAND">bash</tt> for more information.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To set special permissions with <tt class="COMMAND">chmod</tt>, add the numbers
|
||||
together and place them in the first column. For example, to make it set user ID and set
|
||||
group ID, we use 6 as the first column:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">chmod 6755 /tmp/example</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l /tmp/example</kbd>
|
||||
-rwsr-sr-x 1 david users 0 Apr 19 11:21 /tmp/example
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the octal values confuse you, you can use letters with <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">chmod</tt>. The permission groups are represented as:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALTABLE"><a id="AEN3246" name="AEN3246"></a>
|
||||
<table border="0" frame="void" class="CALSTABLE">
|
||||
<col />
|
||||
<col />
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Owner</td>
|
||||
<td>u</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Group</td>
|
||||
<td>g</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>World</td>
|
||||
<td>o</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>All of the above</td>
|
||||
<td>a</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To do the above, we would have to use several command lines:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">chmod a+rx /tmp/example</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">chmod u+w /tmp/example</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">chmod ug+s /tmp/example</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Some people prefer the letters over the numbers. Either way will result in the same
|
||||
set of permissions.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The octal format is often faster, and the one you see most often used in shell
|
||||
scripts. Sometimes the letters are more powerful however. For example, there's no easy
|
||||
way to change one group of permissions while preserving the other groups on files and
|
||||
directories when using the octal format. This is trivial with the letters.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l /tmp/</kbd>
|
||||
-rwxr-xr-x 1 alan users 0 Apr 19 11:21 /tmp/example0
|
||||
-rwxr-x--- 1 alan users 0 Apr 19 11:21 /tmp/example1
|
||||
----r-xr-x 1 alan users 0 Apr 19 11:21 /tmp/example2
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">chmod g-rwx /tmp/example?</kbd>
|
||||
-rwx---r-x 1 alan users 0 Apr 19 11:21 /tmp/example0
|
||||
-rwx------ 1 alan users 0 Apr 19 11:21 /tmp/example1
|
||||
-------r-x 1 alan users 0 Apr 19 11:21 /tmp/example2
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>We mentioned set user ID and set group ID permissions in several places above. You may
|
||||
be wondering what this is. Normally when you run a program, it is operating under your
|
||||
user account. That is, it has all the permissions that you as a user have. The same is
|
||||
true for the group. When you run a program, it executes under your current group. With
|
||||
set user ID permissions, you can force the program to always run as the program owner
|
||||
(such as “root”). Set group ID is the same, but for the group.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Be careful with this, set user ID and set group ID programs can open major security
|
||||
holes on your system. If you frequently set user ID programs that are owned by <tt
|
||||
class="USERNAME">root</tt>, you are allowing anyone to run that program and run it as <tt
|
||||
class="USERNAME">root</tt>. Since <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt> has no restrictions on
|
||||
the system, you can see how this would pose a major security problem. In short, it's not
|
||||
bad to use set user ID and set group ID permissions, just use common sense.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
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<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
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cellspacing="0">
|
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<tr>
|
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<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure-links.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Filesystem Structure</td>
|
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<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="filesystem-structure.html"
|
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accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Links</td>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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@ -1,168 +0,0 @@
|
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="CHAPTER">
|
||||
<h1><a id="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE" name="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE"></a>Chapter 9 Filesystem
|
||||
Structure</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TOC">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>9.1 <a
|
||||
href="filesystem-structure.html#FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-OWNERSHIP">Ownership</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>9.2 <a href="filesystem-structure-permissions.html">Permissions</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>9.3 <a href="filesystem-structure-links.html">Links</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>9.4 <a href="filesystem-structure-mounting.html">Mounting Devices</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>9.5 <a href="filesystem-structure-nfs.html">NFS Mounts</a></dt>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>We have already discussed the directory structure in Slackware Linux. By this point,
|
||||
you should be able to find files and directories that you need. But there is more to the
|
||||
filesystem than just the directory structure.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Linux is a multiuser operating system. Every aspect of the system is multiuser, even
|
||||
the filesystem. The system stores information like who owns a file and who can read it.
|
||||
There are other unique parts about the filesystems, such as links and NFS mounts. This
|
||||
section explains these, as well as the multiuser aspects of the filesystem.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-OWNERSHIP"
|
||||
name="FILESYSTEM-STRUCTURE-OWNERSHIP">9.1 Ownership</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The filesystem stores ownership information for each file and directory on the system.
|
||||
This includes what user and group own a particular file. The easiest way to see this
|
||||
information is with the <tt class="COMMAND">ls</tt> command:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ls -l /usr/bin/wc</kbd>
|
||||
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root bin 7368 Jul 30 1999 /usr/bin/wc
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>We are interested in the third and fourth columns. These contain the username and
|
||||
group name that owns this file. We see that the user “<tt
|
||||
class="USERNAME">root</tt>” and the group “<tt
|
||||
class="USERNAME">bin</tt>” own this file.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>We can easily change the file owners with the <tt class="COMMAND">chown</tt>(1) (which
|
||||
means “change owner”) and <tt class="COMMAND">chgrp</tt>(1) (which means
|
||||
“change group”) commands. To change the file owner to <tt
|
||||
class="USERNAME">daemon</tt>, we would use <tt class="COMMAND">chown</tt>:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">chown daemon /usr/bin/wc</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To change the group owner to “<tt class="USERNAME">root</tt>”, we would
|
||||
use <tt class="COMMAND">chgrp</tt>:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">chgrp root /usr/bin/wc</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>We can also use <tt class="COMMAND">chown</tt> to specify the user and group owners
|
||||
for a file:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">chown daemon:root /usr/bin/wc</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In the above example, the user could have used a period instead of a colon. The result
|
||||
would have been the same; however, the colon is considered better form. Use of the period
|
||||
is deprecated and may be removed from future versions of <tt class="COMMAND">chown</tt>
|
||||
to allow usernames with periods in them. These usernames tend to be very popular with
|
||||
Windows Exchange Servers and are encountered most commonly in email addresses such as:
|
||||
<var class="LITERAL">mr.jones@example.com</var>. In slackware, administrators are advised
|
||||
to stay away from such usernames because some scripts still use the period to indicate
|
||||
the user and group of a file or directory. In our example, <tt class="COMMAND">chmod</tt>
|
||||
would interpret <var class="LITERAL">mr.jones</var> as user “mr” and group
|
||||
“jones”.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>File ownership is a very important part of using a Linux system, even if you are the
|
||||
only user. You sometimes need to fix ownerships on files and device nodes.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
<div class="GLOSSARY">
|
||||
<h1><a id="GLOSSARY" name="GLOSSARY"></a>Glossary</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><b>Account</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>All of the information about a user, including username, password, finger information,
|
||||
UID and GID, and home directory. To create an account is to add and define a user.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Background</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Any process that is running without accepting or controlling the input of a terminal
|
||||
is said to be running in the background.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Boot disk</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A floppy disk containing an operating system (in our case, the Linux kernel) from
|
||||
which a computer can be started.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Compile</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>To convert source code to machine-readable “binary” code.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Daemon</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A program designed to run in the background and, without user intervention, perform a
|
||||
specific task (usually providing a service).</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Darkstar</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The default hostname in Slackware; your computer will be called darkstar if you do not
|
||||
specify some other name.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>One of Patrick Volkerding's development machines, named after “Dark Star”,
|
||||
a song by the Grateful Dead.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Desktop Environment</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A graphical user interface (GUI) that runs atop the X Window System and provides such
|
||||
features as integrated applications, cohesive look-and-feel between programs and
|
||||
components, file and window management capabilities, etc. A step beyond the simple window
|
||||
manager.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Device driver</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A chunk of code in the kernel that directly controls a piece of hardware.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Device node</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A special type of file in the <tt class="FILENAME">/dev</tt> filesystem that
|
||||
represents a hardware component to the operating system.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>DNS</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Domain Name Service. A system in which networked computers are given names which
|
||||
translate to numerical addresses.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Domain name</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A computer's DNS name, excluding its host name.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Dot file</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>In Linux, files which are to be hidden have filenames beginning with a dot ('.').</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Dotted quad</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The format of IP addresses, so called because it consists of four numbers (range 0-255
|
||||
decimal) separated by periods.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Dynamic loader</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>When programs are compiled under Linux, they usually use pieces of code (functions)
|
||||
from external libraries. When such programs are run, those libraries must be found and
|
||||
the required functions loaded into memory. This is the job of the dynamic loader.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Environment variable</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A variable set in the user's shell which can be referenced by that user or programs
|
||||
run by that user within that shell. Environment variables are generally used to store
|
||||
preferences and default parameters.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Epoch</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A period of history; in Unix, “The Epoch” begins at 00:00:00 UTC January
|
||||
1, 1970. This is considered the “dawn of time” by Unix and Unix-like
|
||||
operating systems, and all other time is calculated relative to this date.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Filesystem</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A representation of stored data in which “files” of data are kept
|
||||
organized in “directories”. The filesystem is the nearly universal form of
|
||||
representation for data stored to disks (both fixed and removable).</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Foreground</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A program that is accepting or controlling a terminal's input is said to be running in
|
||||
the foreground.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Framebuffer</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A type of graphics device; in Linux, this most often refers to the software
|
||||
framebuffer, which provides a standard framebuffer interface to programs while keeping
|
||||
specific hardware drivers hidden from them. This layer of abstraction frees programs of
|
||||
the need to speak to various hardware drivers.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>FTP</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The File Transfer Protocol. FTP is a very popular method of transferring data between
|
||||
computers.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Gateway</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A computer through which data on a network is transferred to another network.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>GID</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Group Identifier. The GID is a unique number attributed to a group of users.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Group</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Users in Unix belong to “groups”, which can contain many other users and
|
||||
are used for more general access control than the existence of users alone can easily
|
||||
allow.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>GUI</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Graphical User Interface. A software interface that uses rendered graphical elements
|
||||
such as buttons, scrollbars, windows, etc. rather than solely text-based input and
|
||||
output</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Home directory</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A user's “home directory” is the directory the user is placed in
|
||||
immediately upon logging in. Users have full permissions and more or less free reign
|
||||
within their home directories.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>HOWTO</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A document describing “how to” do something, such as configure a firewall
|
||||
or manage users and groups. There is a large collection of these documents available from
|
||||
the Linux Documentation Project.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The Hypertext Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the primary protocol on which the World Wide
|
||||
Web operates.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>ICMP</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Internet Control Message Protocol. A very basic networking protocol, used mostly for
|
||||
pings.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Kernel</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The heart of an operating system. The kernel is the part that provides basic process
|
||||
control and interfaces with the computer's hardware.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Kernel module</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A piece of kernel code, usually a driver of some sort, that can be loaded and unloaded
|
||||
from memory separately from the main body of the kernel. Modules are handy when upgrading
|
||||
drivers or testing kernel settings, because they can be loaded and unloaded without
|
||||
rebooting.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Library</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A collection of functions which can be shared between programs.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>LILO</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The LInux LOader. LILO is the most widely-used Linux boot manager.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>LOADLIN</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>LOADLIN is a program that runs under MS DOS or Windows and boots a Linux system. It is
|
||||
most commonly used on computers with multiple operating systems (including Linux and
|
||||
DOS/Windows, of course).</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Man section</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Pages in the standard Unix online manual ("man") are grouped into sections for easy
|
||||
reference. All C programming pages are in section 3, system administration pages in
|
||||
section 5, etc.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>MBR</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The Master Boot Record. A reserved space on a hard drive where information on what to
|
||||
do when booting is stored. LILO or other boot managers can be written here.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Motif</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A popular programming toolkit used in many older X programs.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>MOTD</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Message of the Day. The motd (stored in Linux in <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/motd</tt>
|
||||
is a text file that is displayed to all users upon logging in. Traditionally, it is used
|
||||
by the system administrator as a sort of “bulletin board” for communicating
|
||||
with users.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Mount point</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>An empty directory in a filesystem where another filesystem is to be
|
||||
“mounted”, or grafted on.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Nameserver</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A DNS information server. Nameservers translate DNS names to numerical IP
|
||||
addresses.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Network interface</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A virtual representation of a network device provided by the kernel. Network
|
||||
interfaces allow users and programs to talk to network devices.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>NFS</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The Network Filesystem. NFS allows the mounting of remote filesystems as if they were
|
||||
local to your computer and thus provides a transparent method of file sharing.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Octal</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Base-8 number system, with digits 0-7.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Pager</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>An X program that allows the user to see and switch between multiple
|
||||
“desktops”.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Partition</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A division of a hard drive. Filesystems exist on top of partitions.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>PPP</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Point-to-Point Protocol. PPP is used mainly for connecting via modem to an Internet
|
||||
Service Provider.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Process</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A running program.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Root directory</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Represented as “/”, the root directory exists at the top of the
|
||||
filesystem, with all other directories branching out beneath it in a “file
|
||||
tree”.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Root disk</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The disk (usually fixed) on which the root directory is stored.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Routing table</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The set of information the kernel uses in “routing” network data around.
|
||||
It contains such tidbits as where your default gateway is, which network interface is
|
||||
connected to which network, etc.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Runlevel</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The overall system state as defined by init. Runlevel 6 is rebooting, runlevel 1 is
|
||||
“single user mode”, runlevel 4 is an X login, etc. There are 6 available
|
||||
runlevels on a Slackware system.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Secure shell</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>An encrypted (thus secure) method of logging in remotely to a computer. Many secure
|
||||
shell programs are available; both a client and server are needed.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Service</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The sharing of information and/or data between programs and computers from a single
|
||||
“server” to multiple “clients”. HTTP, FTP, NFS, etc. are
|
||||
services.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Shadow password suite</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The shadow password suite allows encrypted passwords to be hidden from users, while
|
||||
the rest of the information in the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/passwd</tt> file remains
|
||||
visible to all. This helps prevent brute-force attempts at cracking passwords.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Shell</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Shells provide a commandline interface to the user. When you're looking at a text
|
||||
prompt, you're in a shell.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Shell builtin</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A command built into the shell, as opposed to being provided by an external program.
|
||||
For instance, <tt class="COMMAND">bash</tt> has a <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt>
|
||||
builtin.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Signal</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Unix programs can communicate between each other using simple “signals”,
|
||||
which are enumerated and usually have specific meanings. <tt class="COMMAND">kill -l</tt>
|
||||
will list the available signals.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>SLIP</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Serial Line Interface Protocol. SLIP is a similar protocol to PPP, in that it's used
|
||||
for connecting two machines via a serial interface.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Software package</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A program and its associated files, archived and compressed into a single file along
|
||||
with any necessary scripts or information to aid in managing the installation, upgrade,
|
||||
and removal of those files.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Software series</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A collection of related software packages in Slackware. All KDE packages are in the
|
||||
“kde” series, networking packages in the “n” series, etc.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Source code</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The (more or less) human-readable code in which most programs are written. Source code
|
||||
is compiled into “binary” code.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Standard Error (stderr)</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The Unix-standard output stream for errors. Programs write any error messages on
|
||||
stderr, so that they can be separated from normal output.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Standard Input (stdin)</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The Unix-standard input stream. Data can be redirected or piped into a program's stdin
|
||||
from any source.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Standard Output (stdout)</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The Unix-standard output stream. Normal text output from a program is written to
|
||||
stdout, which is separate from the error messages reported on stderr and can be piped or
|
||||
redirected into other programs' stdin or to a file.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Subnet</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>An IP address range that is part of a larger range. For instance, 192.168.1.0 is a
|
||||
subnet of 192.168.0.0 (where 0 is a mask meaning “undefined”); it is, in
|
||||
fact, the “.1” subnet.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Superblock</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>In Linux, partitions are discussed in terms of blocks. A block is 512 bytes. The
|
||||
superblock is the first 512 bytes of a partition.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Supplemental disk</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>In Slackware, a floppy disk used during installation that contains neither the kernel
|
||||
(which is on the boot disk) nor the root filesystem (which is on the root disk), but
|
||||
additional needed files such as network modules or PCMCIA support.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Suspended process</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A process which has been frozen until killed or resumed.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Swap space</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Disk space used by the kernel as “virtual” RAM. It is slower than RAM, but
|
||||
because disk space is cheaper, swap is usually more plentiful. Swap space is useful to
|
||||
the kernel for holding lesser-used data and as a fallback when physical RAM is
|
||||
exhausted.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Symbolic link</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A special file that simply points to the location of another file. Symbolic links are
|
||||
used to avoid data duplication when a file is needed in multiple locations.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Tagfile</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A file used by the Slackware <tt class="COMMAND">setup</tt> program during
|
||||
installation, which describes a set of packages to be installed.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Terminal</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A human-computer interface consisting of at least a screen (or virtual screen) and
|
||||
some method of input (almost always at least a keyboard).</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Toolkit, GUI</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A GUI toolkit is a collection of libraries that provide a programmer with code to draw
|
||||
“widgets” such as scrollbars, checkboxes, etc. and construct a graphical
|
||||
interface. The GUI toolkit used by a program often defines its “look and
|
||||
feel”.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>UID</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>User Identifier. A unique number that identifies a user to the system. UIDs are used
|
||||
by most programs instead of usernames because a number is easier to deal with; usernames
|
||||
are generally only used when the user has to see things happen.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>VESA</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Video Electronics Standards Association. The term “VESA” is often used to
|
||||
denote a standard specified by said Association. Nearly all modern video adapters are
|
||||
VESA-compliant.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Virtual terminal</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The use of software to simulate multiple terminals while using only a single set of
|
||||
input/output devices (keyboard, monitor, mouse). Special keystrokes switch between
|
||||
virtual terminals at a single physical terminal.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Window manager</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>An X program whose purpose is to provide a graphical interface beyond the simple
|
||||
rectangle-drawing of the X Window System. Window managers generally provide titlebars,
|
||||
menus for running programs, etc.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Working directory</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The directory in which a program considers itself to be while running.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>Wrapper program</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A program whose sole purpose is to run other programs, but change their behavior in
|
||||
some way by altering their environments or filtering their input.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>X server</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The program in the X Window System which interfaces with graphics hardware and handles
|
||||
the actual running of X programs.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><b>X Window System</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Network-oriented graphical interface system used on most Unix-like operating systems,
|
||||
including Linux.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
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<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
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<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
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<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="zipslack-booting.html"
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accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
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<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="gpl.html" accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
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|
||||
<tr>
|
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<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Booting ZipSlack</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
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<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">The GNU General Public License</td>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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</div>
|
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|
||||
<div class="APPENDIX">
|
||||
<h1><a id="GPL" name="GPL"></a>Appendix A. The GNU General Public License</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TOC">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>A.1. <a href="gpl.html#AEN7088">Preamble</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>A.2. <a href="gpl.html#AEN7098">TERMS AND CONDITIONS</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>A.3. <a href="gpl.html#AEN7162">How to Apply These Terms to Your New
|
||||
Programs</a></dt>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p class="LITERALLAYOUT">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE<br />
|
||||
<br />
|
||||
Version 2, June 1991<br />
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.<br />
|
||||
|
||||
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA<br />
|
||||
|
||||
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this<br />
|
||||
|
||||
license document, but changing it is not allowed.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SIMPLESECT">
|
||||
<h4 class="SIMPLESECT"><a id="AEN7088" name="AEN7088">A.1. Preamble</a></h4>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and
|
||||
change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your
|
||||
freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its
|
||||
users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's
|
||||
software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free
|
||||
Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License
|
||||
instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General
|
||||
Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies
|
||||
of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code
|
||||
or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
|
||||
free programs; and that you know you can do these things.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you
|
||||
these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to
|
||||
certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you
|
||||
modify it.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee,
|
||||
you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they,
|
||||
too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know
|
||||
their rights.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you
|
||||
this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the
|
||||
software.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone
|
||||
understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified
|
||||
by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not
|
||||
the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
|
||||
authors' reputations.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to
|
||||
avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent
|
||||
licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it
|
||||
clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at
|
||||
all.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification
|
||||
follow.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SIMPLESECT">
|
||||
<h4 class="SIMPLESECT"><a id="AEN7098" name="AEN7098">A.2. TERMS AND CONDITIONS</a></h4>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING,
|
||||
DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION</i></span></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol type="1">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by
|
||||
the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public
|
||||
License. The “Program”, below, refers to any such program or work, and a
|
||||
“work based on the Program” means either the Program or any derivative work
|
||||
under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
|
||||
either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
|
||||
(Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term
|
||||
“modification”.) Each licensee is addressed as “you”.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this
|
||||
License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted,
|
||||
and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based
|
||||
on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is
|
||||
true depends on what the Program does.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you
|
||||
receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on
|
||||
each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
|
||||
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other
|
||||
recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your
|
||||
option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a
|
||||
work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the
|
||||
terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol type="a">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed
|
||||
the files and the date of any change.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part
|
||||
contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at
|
||||
no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause
|
||||
it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or
|
||||
display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there
|
||||
is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may
|
||||
redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy
|
||||
of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally
|
||||
print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an
|
||||
announcement.)</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of
|
||||
that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent
|
||||
and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
|
||||
sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same
|
||||
sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the
|
||||
whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend
|
||||
to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to
|
||||
work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the
|
||||
distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the
|
||||
Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution
|
||||
medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in
|
||||
object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that
|
||||
you also do one of the following:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol type="a">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must
|
||||
be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for
|
||||
software interchange; or,</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third
|
||||
party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution,
|
||||
a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed
|
||||
under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software
|
||||
interchange; or,</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute
|
||||
corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial
|
||||
distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with
|
||||
such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making
|
||||
modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source
|
||||
code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus
|
||||
the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
|
||||
special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally
|
||||
distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler,
|
||||
kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that
|
||||
component itself accompanies the executable.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a
|
||||
designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same
|
||||
place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
|
||||
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly
|
||||
provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or
|
||||
distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
|
||||
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
|
||||
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full
|
||||
compliance.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However,
|
||||
nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative
|
||||
works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore,
|
||||
by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate
|
||||
your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
|
||||
distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the
|
||||
recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute
|
||||
or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any
|
||||
further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are
|
||||
not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for
|
||||
any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether
|
||||
by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License,
|
||||
they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so
|
||||
as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent
|
||||
obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For
|
||||
example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program
|
||||
by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you
|
||||
could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of
|
||||
the Program.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular
|
||||
circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole
|
||||
is intended to apply in other circumstances.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other
|
||||
property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the
|
||||
sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which
|
||||
is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions
|
||||
to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent
|
||||
application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is
|
||||
willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that
|
||||
choice.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence
|
||||
of the rest of this License.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries
|
||||
either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places
|
||||
the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation
|
||||
excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries
|
||||
not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written
|
||||
in the body of this License.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General
|
||||
Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the
|
||||
present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a
|
||||
version number of this License which applies to it and “any later version”,
|
||||
you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of
|
||||
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not
|
||||
specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by
|
||||
the Free Software Foundation.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose
|
||||
distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For
|
||||
software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software
|
||||
Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two
|
||||
goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of
|
||||
promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>NO WARRANTY</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM,
|
||||
TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE
|
||||
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT
|
||||
WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
||||
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE
|
||||
RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM
|
||||
PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR
|
||||
CORRECTION.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY
|
||||
COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS
|
||||
PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL
|
||||
OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM
|
||||
(INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES
|
||||
SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
|
||||
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
|
||||
DAMAGES.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SIMPLESECT">
|
||||
<h4 class="SIMPLESECT"><a id="AEN7162" name="AEN7162">A.3. How to Apply These Terms to
|
||||
Your New Programs</a></h4>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to
|
||||
the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can
|
||||
redistribute and change under these terms.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to
|
||||
the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and
|
||||
each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where
|
||||
the full notice is found.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
|
||||
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
|
||||
|
||||
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
|
||||
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
|
||||
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
|
||||
(at your option) any later version.
|
||||
|
||||
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
|
||||
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|
||||
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
|
||||
GNU General Public License for more details.
|
||||
|
||||
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
|
||||
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
|
||||
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts
|
||||
in an interactive mode:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
|
||||
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
|
||||
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
|
||||
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of
|
||||
the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other
|
||||
than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits
|
||||
your program.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if
|
||||
any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. Here is
|
||||
a sample; alter the names:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
|
||||
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
|
||||
|
||||
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
|
||||
Ty Coon, President of Vice
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
|
||||
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more
|
||||
useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you
|
||||
want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="glossary.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Glossary</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,247 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Online Help</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Help" href="help.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Help" href="help.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Installation" href="installation.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="help.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 2 Help</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="installation.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="HELP-ONLINE" name="HELP-ONLINE">2.2 Online Help</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In addition to the documentation provided and installable with the Slackware Linux
|
||||
Operating System, there are a vast multitude of online resources available for you to
|
||||
learn from as well.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="HELP-ONLINE-OFFICIAL" name="HELP-ONLINE-OFFICIAL">2.2.1 The
|
||||
Official Website and Help Forums</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><a href="http://www.slackware.com" target="_top">The Official Slackware
|
||||
Website</a></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The Official Slackware Linux website is sometimes out of date, but still contains
|
||||
information relevant to the latest Slackware versions. At one time an active help forum
|
||||
existed there before a horde of trolls, troublemakers, and whiners descended on the
|
||||
forum. Maintaining the forum was beginning to be too much work, and so Pat shut it down.
|
||||
One can find that old forum back up and running complete with searchable archives of the
|
||||
old data at <a href="http://www.userlocal.com/phorum/"
|
||||
target="_top">http://www.userlocal.com/phorum/</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>After the forums were taken down on <a href="http://slackware.com"
|
||||
target="_top">http://slackware.com</a>, several other sites sprang up that offered forum
|
||||
support for Slackware. After much thought, Pat chose to endorse <a
|
||||
href="http://www.linuxquestions.org" target="_top">www.linuxquestions.org</a> as the official
|
||||
forum for Slackware Linux.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="HELP-ONLINE-EMAIL" name="HELP-ONLINE-EMAIL">2.2.2 E-mail
|
||||
Support</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Everyone who purchases an official CD set is entitled to free installation support via
|
||||
e-mail from the developer. That having been said, please keep in mind that we, the
|
||||
developers, (and a vast majority of users) of Slackware are of “The Old
|
||||
School”. That means that we prefer to help those who have a sincere interest and
|
||||
are willing to help themselves in the process. We will always do our best to help
|
||||
everyone who emails us with support questions. However, Please check your documentation
|
||||
and the website (especially the FAQs and maybe some of the forums listed below) before
|
||||
e-mailing. You may get a faster answer that way, and the less e-mail we have to answer,
|
||||
obviously the sooner we will be of assistance to those that need it.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The e-mail address for technical support is: <var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">support@slackware.com</var>. Other e-mail addresses and contact
|
||||
information are listed on the website.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN535" name="AEN535">2.2.2.1 Slackware Linux Project Mailing
|
||||
Lists</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>We have several mailing lists, available in digest and normal forms. Check the
|
||||
instructions for how to subscribe.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>To subscribe to a mailing list, email:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><var class="LITERAL">majordomo@slackware.com</var></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>with the phrase “<var class="LITERAL">subscribe <var class="REPLACEABLE">[name
|
||||
of list]</var></var>” in the body of the email. The list choices are described
|
||||
below (use one the names below for the name of the list).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Archives of the mailing list can be found on Slackware's website at:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><var class="LITERAL">http://slackware.com/lists/archive/</var></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="VARIABLELIST">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><var class="LITERAL">slackware-announce</var></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The <var class="LITERAL">slackware-announce</var> mailing list is for announcements of
|
||||
new versions, major updates and other general information.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><var class="LITERAL">slackware-security</var></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The <var class="LITERAL">slackware-security</var> mailing list is for announcements
|
||||
relating to security issues. Any exploits or other vulnerabilities directly pertaining to
|
||||
Slackware will get posted to this list immediately.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>These lists are also available in digest format. This means that you get one large
|
||||
message per day instead of several messages throughout the day. Since the slackware
|
||||
mailing lists do not allow users to post, and the lists are such low traffic, most users
|
||||
find little advantage in the digest lists. Still, they are available if you want them by
|
||||
subscribing to <var class="LITERAL">slackware-announce-digest</var> or <var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">slackware-security-digest</var>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="HELP-ONLINE-NONOFFICIAL" name="HELP-ONLINE-NONOFFICIAL">2.2.3
|
||||
Non-Official Websites and Help Forums</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN571" name="AEN571">2.2.3.1 Websites</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="VARIABLELIST">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><a href="http://www.google.com" target="_top">Google</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The Kung-Fu Master of Search Engines. When you absolutely, positively gotta find every
|
||||
last kernel of information on a subject: Accept no substitutes.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="http://www.google.com/linux" target="_top">Google:Linux</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Linux-Specific searches</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="http://www.google.com/bsd" target="_top">Google:BSD</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>BSD-Specific searches. Slackware is so generic as a Unix work-a-like operating system
|
||||
that one can as often as not find very detailed information that is almost 100% relevant
|
||||
to Slackware here. Many times a BSD search reveals far more technical information than
|
||||
the often PR-related Linux searches.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="http://groups.google.com" target="_top">Google:Groups</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Search through decades of Usenet posts for your pearls of wisdom.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="http://userlocal.com" target="_top">http://userlocal.com</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>A virtual treasure-trove of knowledge, good advice, first-hand experience and
|
||||
interesting articles. Often the first place you'll hear about new developments in the
|
||||
world of Slackware.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN601" name="AEN601">2.2.3.2 Web-based Resources</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="VARIABLELIST">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><a href="http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/forumdisplay.php?forumid=14"
|
||||
target="_top">linuxquestions.org</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>The officially sanctioned web-forum for Slackware users.</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="http://forums.linuxiso.org/viewforum.php?f=25" target="_top">LinuxISO.org
|
||||
Slackware Forum</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>“A place to download and get help with Linux.”</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt><a href="http://wombat.san-francisco.ca.us/perl/fom"
|
||||
target="_top">alt.os.linux.slackware FAQ</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dd>
|
||||
<p>Another FAQ</p>
|
||||
</dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN620" name="AEN620">2.2.3.3 Usenet Groups (NNTP)</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Usenet has long been a place for geeks to gather and help one another. There are few
|
||||
newsgroups dedicated to Slackware Linux, but they tend to be filled with very
|
||||
knowledgeable people.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><var class="LITERAL">alt.os.linux.slackware</var></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><var class="LITERAL">alt.os.linux.slackware</var>, better known as aols (not to be
|
||||
confused with <span class="TRADEMARK">AOL</span>®!) is one of the most active places
|
||||
to find technical help with Slackware problems. Like every Usenet newsgroup, a few
|
||||
unhelpful participants (“trolls”) can mar the experience with constant
|
||||
arguing. Learning to ignore the trolls and identifying the truly helpful people is key to
|
||||
making the most of this resource.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="help.html" accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="installation.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Help</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="help.html" accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Installation</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,292 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Help</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Open Source and Free Software"
|
||||
href="introduction-opensource.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Online Help" href="help-online.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="CHAPTER" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="introduction-opensource.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom"></td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="help-online.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="CHAPTER">
|
||||
<h1><a id="HELP" name="HELP"></a>Chapter 2 Help</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TOC">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>2.1 <a href="help.html#HELP-SYSTEM">System Help</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>2.2 <a href="help-online.html">Online Help</a></dt>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Often there are times when you might need help with a specific command, setting up a
|
||||
program, or getting a piece of hardware to work. Maybe you simply want to understand a
|
||||
given command better, or see what other options are available to use with it. Luckily,
|
||||
there are a variety of ways that you can get the help you're looking for. When you
|
||||
install Slackware you have the option of installing packages from the “F”
|
||||
series which includes FAQs and HOWTOs. Programs also come with help about their options,
|
||||
configuration files, and usage.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="HELP-SYSTEM" name="HELP-SYSTEM">2.1 System Help</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="HELP-SYSTEM-MAN" name="HELP-SYSTEM-MAN">2.1.1 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">man</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">man</tt> command (short for “manual”) is the
|
||||
traditional form of online documentation in Unix and Linux operating systems. Comprised
|
||||
of specially formatted files, the “man pages”, are written for the vast
|
||||
majority of commands and are distributed with the software itself. Executing <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">man somecommand</tt> will display the man page for (naturally) the
|
||||
command specified, in our example this would be the imaginary program <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">somecommand</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>As you might imagine, the amount of man pages can quickly add up, becoming overly
|
||||
confusing and seriously complicated, even for an advanced user. So, for this reason, man
|
||||
pages are grouped into enumerated sections. This system has been around for a very long
|
||||
time; enough so that you will often see commands, programs, and even programming library
|
||||
functions referred to with their man section number.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>For example:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You might see a reference to <tt class="COMMAND">man</tt>(1). The numbering tells you
|
||||
that “<tt class="COMMAND">man</tt>” is documented in section 1 (user
|
||||
commands); you can specify that you want the section 1 man page for “man”
|
||||
with the command <tt class="COMMAND">man 1 man</tt>. Specifying the section that man
|
||||
should look in is useful in the case of multiple items with the same name.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TABLE"><a id="AEN409" name="AEN409"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Table 2-1. Man Page Sections</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" frame="void" width="100%" class="CALSTABLE">
|
||||
<col width="25%" />
|
||||
<col width="75%" />
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th>Section</th>
|
||||
<th>Contents</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Section 1</td>
|
||||
<td>user commands (intro only)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Section 2</td>
|
||||
<td>system calls</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Section 3</td>
|
||||
<td>C library calls</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Section 4</td>
|
||||
<td>devices (e.g., <tt class="FILENAME">hd</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">sd</tt>)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Section 5</td>
|
||||
<td>file formats and protocols (e.g., wtmp, <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/passwd</tt>,
|
||||
nfs)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Section 6</td>
|
||||
<td>games (intro only)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Section 7</td>
|
||||
<td>conventions, macro packages, etc. (e.g., nroff, ascii)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Section 8</td>
|
||||
<td>system administration (intro only)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In addition to <tt class="COMMAND">man</tt>(1), there are the commands <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">whatis</tt>(1) and <tt class="COMMAND">apropos</tt>(1) available to you,
|
||||
whose shared purpose is to make it easier to find information in the man system.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The command <tt class="COMMAND">whatis</tt> gives a very brief description of system
|
||||
commands, somewhat in the style of a pocket command reference.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Example:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">whatis whatis</kbd>
|
||||
whatis (1) - search the whatis database for complete words
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The command <tt class="COMMAND">apropos</tt> is used to search for a man page
|
||||
containing a given keyword.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Example:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">apropos wav</kbd>
|
||||
cdda2wav (1) - a sampling utility that dumps CD audio data into wav sound files
|
||||
netwave_cs (4) - Xircom Creditcard Netwave device driver
|
||||
oggdec (1) - simple decoder, Ogg Vorbis file to PCM audio file (WAV or RAW)
|
||||
wavelan (4) - AT&T GIS WaveLAN ISA device driver
|
||||
wavelan_cs (4) - AT&T GIS WaveLAN PCMCIA device driver
|
||||
wvlan_cs (4) - Lucent WaveLAN/IEEE 802.11 device driver
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you'd like further information on any of these commands, read their man pages for
|
||||
the details. ;)</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="HELP-SYSTEM-DOC" name="HELP-SYSTEM-DOC">2.1.2 The <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/usr/doc</tt> Directory</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The source for most packages that we build comes with some sort of documentation:
|
||||
README files, usage instructions, license files, etc. Any sort of documentation that
|
||||
comes with the source is included and installed on your system in the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/usr/doc</tt> directory. Each program will (usually) install its own
|
||||
documentation in the order of:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="FILENAME">/usr/doc/<var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">$program-$version</var></tt></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Where <var class="REPLACEABLE">$program</var> is the name of the program you are
|
||||
wanting to read about, and <var class="REPLACEABLE">$version</var> is (obviously) the
|
||||
appropriate version of software package installed on your system.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>For example, to read the documentation for the command <tt class="COMMAND">man</tt>(1)
|
||||
you would want to <tt class="COMMAND">cd</tt> to:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /usr/doc/man-<var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">$version</var></kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If reading the appropriate man page(s) doesn't provide you with enough information, or
|
||||
address what you're looking for in particular, the <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/doc</tt>
|
||||
directory should be your next stop.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="HELP-SYSTEM-HOWTO" name="HELP-SYSTEM-HOWTO">2.1.3 HOWTOs and
|
||||
mini-HOWTOs</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It is in the truest spirit of the Open Source community that brings us to the
|
||||
HOWTO/mini-HOWTO collection. These files are exactly what they sound like - documents and
|
||||
guides describing how to do stuff. If you installed the HOWTO collection, the HOWTOs will
|
||||
be installed to <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/doc/Linux-HOWTOs</tt> and the mini-HOWTOs to
|
||||
<tt class="FILENAME">/usr/doc/Linux-mini-HOWTOs</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Also included in the same package series is a collection of FAQs, which is an acronym
|
||||
which stands for</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALTABLE"><a id="AEN497" name="AEN497"></a>
|
||||
<table border="0" frame="void" class="CALSTABLE">
|
||||
<col />
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">F</i></span>requently</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">A</i></span>sked</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">Q</i></span>uestions</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>These documents are written in a “Question and answer” style for
|
||||
(surprise) Frequently Asked Questions. The FAQs can often be a very useful place to look
|
||||
if you're just looking for a “Quick Fix” to something. If you decide to
|
||||
install the FAQs during setup, you will find them installed to the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/usr/doc/Linux-FAQs</tt> directory.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>These files are well worth reading whenever you're not quite sure how to proceed with
|
||||
something. They cover an amazing range of topics, more often than not in a surprisingly
|
||||
detailed manner. Good stuff!</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
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cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="introduction-opensource.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="help-online.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Open Source and Free Software</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Online Help</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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<tr>
|
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<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
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|
||||
<tr>
|
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<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="installation-requirements.html"
|
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accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 3 Installation</td>
|
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<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="installation-setup.html"
|
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accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="INSTALLATION-PARTITIONING" name="INSTALLATION-PARTITIONING">3.3
|
||||
Partitioning</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>After booting from your preferred media, you will need to partition your hard disk.
|
||||
The disk partition is where the Linux filesystem will be created and is where Slackware
|
||||
will be installed. At the very minimum we recommend creating two partitions; one for your
|
||||
root filesystem (<tt class="FILENAME">/</tt>) and one for swap space.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>After the root disk finishes loading, it will present you with a login prompt. Log in
|
||||
as root (there is no password). At the shell prompt, run either <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">cfdisk</tt>(8) or <tt class="COMMAND">fdisk</tt>(8). The <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">cfdisk</tt> program provides a more user-friendly interface than the
|
||||
regular <tt class="COMMAND">fdisk</tt> program, but does lack some features. We will
|
||||
briefly explain the <tt class="COMMAND">fdisk</tt> program below.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Begin by running <tt class="COMMAND">fdisk</tt> for your hard disk. In Linux, the hard
|
||||
disks do not have drive letters, but are represented by a file. The first IDE hard disk
|
||||
(primary master) is <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/hda</tt>, the primary slave is <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/dev/hdb</tt>, and so on. SCSI disks follow the same type system, but
|
||||
are in the form of <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/sd<var class="REPLACEABLE">X</var></tt>. You
|
||||
will need to start <tt class="COMMAND">fdisk</tt> and pass it your hard disk:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">fdisk /dev/hda</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Like all good Unix programs, <tt class="COMMAND">fdisk</tt> gives you a prompt
|
||||
(thought you were getting a menu, right?). The first thing you should do is examine your
|
||||
current partitions. We do that by typing <kbd class="USERINPUT">p</kbd> at the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">fdisk</tt> prompt:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
Command (m for help): <kbd class="USERINPUT">p</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This will display all sorts of information about your current partitions. Most people
|
||||
pick a free drive to install to and then remove any existing partitions on it to create
|
||||
room for the Linux partitions.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="WARNING">
|
||||
<table class="WARNING" width="100%" border="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="25" align="CENTER" valign="TOP"><img src="./imagelib/admon/warning.png"
|
||||
hspace="5" alt="Warning" /></td>
|
||||
<td align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
|
||||
<p>IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT YOU BACK UP ANY INFORMATION YOU WANT TO SAVE BEFORE
|
||||
DESTROYING THE PARTITION IT LIVES ON.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There is no easy way to recover from deleting a partition, so always back up before
|
||||
playing with them.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Looking at the table of partition information you should see a partition number, the
|
||||
size of the partition, and its type. There's more information, but don't worry about that
|
||||
for now. We are going to delete all of the partitions on this drive to create the Linux
|
||||
ones. We run the <kbd class="USERINPUT">d</kbd> command to delete those:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
Command (m for help): <kbd class="USERINPUT">d</kbd>
|
||||
Partition number (1-4): <kbd class="USERINPUT">1</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This process should be continued for each of the partitions. After deleting the
|
||||
partitions we are ready to create the Linux ones. We have decided to create one partition
|
||||
for our root filesystem and one for swap. It is worth noting that Unix partitioning
|
||||
schemes are the subject of many flame wars, and that most users will tell you the best
|
||||
way to do it. At a minimum, you should create one partition for <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/</tt> and one for swap. Over time, you'll develop a method that works
|
||||
well for you.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>I use two basic partition schemes. The first is for a desktop. I make 4 partitions,
|
||||
<tt class="FILENAME">/</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">/home</tt>, <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/usr/local</tt>, and swap. This lets me re-install or upgrade the entire
|
||||
installation under <tt class="FILENAME">/</tt> without wiping out my data files under
|
||||
/home or my custom compiled applications under <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/local</tt>. For
|
||||
servers, I often replace the <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/local</tt> partition with a <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/var</tt> partition. Many different servers store information on that
|
||||
partition and having it kept separate from <tt class="FILENAME">/</tt> has certain
|
||||
performance benefits. For now, we're sticking with just two partitions: <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/</tt> and swap.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Now we create the partitions with the <kbd class="USERINPUT">n</kbd> command:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
Command (m for help): <kbd class="USERINPUT">n</kbd>
|
||||
Command action
|
||||
e extended
|
||||
p primary partition (1-4)
|
||||
<kbd class="USERINPUT">p</kbd>
|
||||
Partition number (1-4):<kbd class="USERINPUT">1</kbd>
|
||||
First cylinder (0-1060, default 0):<kbd class="USERINPUT">0</kbd>
|
||||
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (0-1060, default 1060):<kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">+64M</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You need to make sure you create primary partitions. The first partition is going to
|
||||
be our swap partition. We tell fdisk to make partition number 1 a primary partition. We
|
||||
start it at cylinder 0 and for the ending cylinder we type +64M. This will give us a 64
|
||||
megabyte partition for swap. (The size of the swap partition you need actually depends on
|
||||
the amount of RAM you have. It is conventional wisdom that a swap space double the size
|
||||
of your RAM should be created.) Then we define primary partition number 2 starting at the
|
||||
first available cylinder and going all the way to the end of the drive.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
Command (m for help):<kbd class="USERINPUT">n</kbd>
|
||||
Command action
|
||||
e extended
|
||||
p primary partition (1-4)
|
||||
<kbd class="USERINPUT">p</kbd>
|
||||
Partition number (1-4):<kbd class="USERINPUT">2</kbd>
|
||||
First cylinder (124-1060, default 124):<kbd class="USERINPUT">124</kbd>
|
||||
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (124-1060, default 1060):<kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">1060</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>We are almost done. We need to change the type of the first partition to type 82
|
||||
(Linux swap). Type <kbd class="USERINPUT">t</kbd> to change the type, select the first
|
||||
partition, and type <var class="LITERAL">82</var>. Before writing your changes to the
|
||||
disk, you should look at the new partition table one last time. Use the <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">p</kbd> in <tt class="COMMAND">fdisk</tt> to display the partition
|
||||
table. If everything looks good, type <kbd class="USERINPUT">w</kbd> to write your
|
||||
changes to the disk and quit <tt class="COMMAND">fdisk</tt>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="installation-requirements.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="installation-setup.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">System Requirements</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="installation.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">The <tt class="COMMAND">setup</tt>
|
||||
Program</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
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</html>
|
||||
|
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|
|
@ -1,388 +0,0 @@
|
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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|
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<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
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|
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<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
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<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Installation" href="installation.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Installation" href="installation.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Partitioning" href="installation-partitioning.html" />
|
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<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
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</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
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<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
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<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="installation.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 3 Installation</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="installation-partitioning.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="INSTALLATION-REQUIREMENTS" name="INSTALLATION-REQUIREMENTS">3.2
|
||||
System Requirements</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>An easy Slackware installation requires, at minimum, the following:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TABLE"><a id="AEN706" name="AEN706"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Table 3-2. System Requirements</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" frame="void" class="CALSTABLE">
|
||||
<col />
|
||||
<col />
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th>Hardware</th>
|
||||
<th>Requirement</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Processor</td>
|
||||
<td>586</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>RAM</td>
|
||||
<td>32 MB</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Disk Space</td>
|
||||
<td>1GB</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Media Drive</td>
|
||||
<td>4x CD-ROM</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you have the bootable CD, you will probably not need a floppy drive. Of course, it
|
||||
stands to reason that if you don't possess a CD-ROM drive, you will need a floppy drive
|
||||
to do a network install. A network card is required for an NFS install. See the section
|
||||
called NFS for more information.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The disk space requirement is somewhat tricky. The 1GB recommendation is usually safe
|
||||
for a minimal install, but if you do a full install, you will need around two gigabytes
|
||||
of available hard disk space plus additional space for personal files.. Most users don't
|
||||
do a full install. In fact, many run Slackware on as little as 100MB of hard disk
|
||||
space.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Slackware can be installed to systems with less RAM, smaller hard drives, and weaker
|
||||
CPUs, but doing so will require a little elbow grease. If you're up for a little work,
|
||||
take a look at the <tt class="FILENAME">LOWMEM.TXT</tt> file in the distribution tree for
|
||||
a few helpful hints.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="INSTALLATION-SOFTWARE-SERIES"
|
||||
name="INSTALLATION-SOFTWARE-SERIES">3.2.1 The Software Series</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>For reasons of simplicity, Slackware has historically been divided into software
|
||||
series. Once called “disk sets” because they were designed for floppy-based
|
||||
installation, the software series are now used primarily to categorize the packages
|
||||
included in Slackware. Today, floppy installation is no longer possible.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The following is a brief description of each software series.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TABLE"><a id="AEN746" name="AEN746"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Table 3-3. Software Series</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" frame="void" class="CALSTABLE">
|
||||
<col width="1*" />
|
||||
<col width="4*" />
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th>Series</th>
|
||||
<th>Contents</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>A</td>
|
||||
<td>The base system. Contains enough software to get up and running and have a text
|
||||
editor and basic communication program.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>AP</td>
|
||||
<td>Various applications that do not require the X Window System.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>D</td>
|
||||
<td>Program development tools. Compilers, debuggers, interpreters, and man pages are all
|
||||
here.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>E</td>
|
||||
<td>GNU Emacs.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>F</td>
|
||||
<td>FAQs, HOWTOs, and other miscellaneous documentation.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>GNOME</td>
|
||||
<td>The GNOME desktop environment.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>K</td>
|
||||
<td>The source code for the Linux kernel.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>KDE</td>
|
||||
<td>The K Desktop Environment. An X environment which shares a lot of look-and-feel
|
||||
features with MacOS and Windows. The Qt library, which KDE requires, is also in this
|
||||
series.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>KDEI</td>
|
||||
<td>Internationalization packages for the KDE desktop.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>L</td>
|
||||
<td>Libraries. Dynamically linked libraries required by many other programs.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>N</td>
|
||||
<td>Networking programs. Daemons, mail programs, telnet, news readers, and so on.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>T</td>
|
||||
<td>teTeX document formatting system.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>TCL</td>
|
||||
<td>The Tool Command Language. Tk, TclX, and TkDesk.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>X</td>
|
||||
<td>The base X Window System.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>XAP</td>
|
||||
<td>X Applications that are not part of a major desktop environment (for example,
|
||||
Ghostscript and Netscape).</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Y</td>
|
||||
<td>BSD Console games</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="INSTALLATION-METHODS" name="INSTALLATION-METHODS">3.2.2
|
||||
Installation Methods</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="INSTALLATION-INSTALLATION-METHODS-FLOPPY"
|
||||
name="INSTALLATION-INSTALLATION-METHODS-FLOPPY">3.2.2.1 Floppy</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>While it was once possible to install all of Slackware Linux from floppy disks, the
|
||||
increasing size of software packages (indeed, of some individual programs) has forced the
|
||||
abandonment of the floppy install. As late as Slackware version 7.1 a partial install was
|
||||
possible using floppy disks. The A and N series could be nearly entirely installed,
|
||||
providing a base system from which to install the rest of the distribution. If you are
|
||||
considering a floppy install (typically on older hardware), it is typically recommended
|
||||
to find another way, or use an older release. Slackware 4.0 is still very popular for
|
||||
this reason, as is 7.0.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Please note that floppy disks are still required for a CD-ROM install if you do not
|
||||
have a bootable CD, as well as for an NFS install.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="INSTALLATION-INSTALLLATION-METHODS-CDROM"
|
||||
name="INSTALLATION-INSTALLLATION-METHODS-CDROM">3.2.2.2 CD-ROM</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you have the bootable CD, available in the official disc set published by Slackware
|
||||
Linux, Inc. (see the section called Getting Slackware), a CD-based installation will be a
|
||||
bit simpler for you. If not, you will need to boot from floppies. Also, if you have
|
||||
special hardware that makes usage of the kernel on the bootable CD problematic, you may
|
||||
need to use specialized floppies.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>As of Slackware version 8.1, a new method is used for creating the bootable CDs, which
|
||||
does not work as well with certain flaky BIOS chips (it is worth noting that most all
|
||||
Linux CDs suffer from this these days). If that is the case, we recommend booting from a
|
||||
floppy disk.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><a
|
||||
href="installation-requirements.html#INSTALLATION-INSTALLATION-METHODS-BOOTDISK">Section
|
||||
3.2.3</a> and <a
|
||||
href="installation-requirements.html#INSTALLATION-SUPPLEMENTAL-DISK">Section 3.2.5</a>
|
||||
provide information on choosing and creating floppies from which to boot, should this be
|
||||
necessary.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN823" name="AEN823">3.2.2.3 NFS</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>NFS (the Network File System) is a way of making filesystems available to remote
|
||||
machines. An NFS install allows you to install Slackware from another computer on your
|
||||
network. The machine from which you are installing needs to be configured to export the
|
||||
Slackware distribution tree to the machine to which you're installing. This, of course,
|
||||
involves some knowledge of NFS, which is covered in <a
|
||||
href="network-configuration-nfs.html">Section 5.6</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It is possible to perform an NFS install via such methods as PLIP (over a parallel
|
||||
port), SLIP, and PPP (though not over a modem connection). However, we recommend the use
|
||||
of a network card if available. After all, installing an operating system through your
|
||||
printer port is going to be a very, very slow process.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="INSTALLATION-INSTALLATION-METHODS-BOOTDISK"
|
||||
name="INSTALLATION-INSTALLATION-METHODS-BOOTDISK">3.2.3 Boot Disk</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The boot disk is the floppy you actually boot from to begin the installation. It
|
||||
contains a compressed kernel image which is used to control the hardware during
|
||||
installation. Therefore, it is very much required (unless you're booting from CD, as is
|
||||
discussed in the section called CD-ROM). The boot disks are located in the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">bootdisks/</tt> directory in the distribution tree.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There are more Slackware boot disks than you can shake a stick at (which is to say
|
||||
about 16). A complete list of boot disks, with a description of each, is available in the
|
||||
Slackware distribution tree in the file <tt class="FILENAME">bootdisks/README.TXT</tt>.
|
||||
However, most people are able to use the <tt class="FILENAME">bare.i</tt> (for IDE
|
||||
devices) or <tt class="FILENAME">scsi.s</tt> (for SCSI devices) boot disk image.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>See <a href="installation-requirements.html#INSTALLATION-MAKING-THE-DISKS">Section
|
||||
3.2.6</a> for instructions on making a disk from an image.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>After booting, you will be prompted to insert the root disk. We recommend that you
|
||||
just humor the boot disk and play along.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="INSTALLATION-INSTALLATION-METHODS-ROOTDISK"
|
||||
name="INSTALLATION-INSTALLATION-METHODS-ROOTDISK">3.2.4 Root Disk</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The root disks contain the setup program and a filesystem which is used during
|
||||
installation. They are also required. The root disk images are located in the directory
|
||||
rootdisks in the distribution tree. You'll have to make two root disks from the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">install.1</tt> and <tt class="FILENAME">install.2</tt> images. Here you
|
||||
can also find the <tt class="FILENAME">network.dsk</tt>, <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">pcmcia.dsk</tt>, <tt class="FILENAME">rescue.dsk</tt>, and <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">sbootmgr.dsk</tt> disks.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="INSTALLATION-SUPPLEMENTAL-DISK"
|
||||
name="INSTALLATION-SUPPLEMENTAL-DISK">3.2.5 Supplemental Disk</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>A supplemental disk is needed if you are performing an NFS install or installing to a
|
||||
system with PCMCIA devices. Supplemental disks are in the rootdsks directory in the
|
||||
distribution tree, with the filenames <tt class="FILENAME">network.dsk</tt> and <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">pcmcia.dsk</tt>. Recently other supplemental disks such as <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">rescue.dsk</tt> and <tt class="FILENAME">sbootmgr.dsk</tt> have been
|
||||
added. The rescue disk is a small floppy root image that runs in a 4MB RAM drive. It
|
||||
includes some basic networking utilities and the vi editor for quick fixes on busted
|
||||
machines. The <tt class="FILENAME">sbootmgr.dsk</tt> disk is used to boot other devices.
|
||||
Boot off this disk if your bootable CD-ROM drive doesn't want to boot the Slackware CDs.
|
||||
It will prompt you for different things to boot and may offer a convenient way to work
|
||||
around a buggy BIOS.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The root disk will instruct you on the use of supplemental disks when it is
|
||||
loaded.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="INSTALLATION-MAKING-THE-DISKS"
|
||||
name="INSTALLATION-MAKING-THE-DISKS">3.2.6 Making the Disks</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Once you've selected a boot disk image, you need to put it on a floppy. The process is
|
||||
slightly different depending on which operating system you're using to make the disks. If
|
||||
you're running Linux (or pretty much any Unix-like OS) you'll need to use the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">dd</tt>(1) command. Assuming <tt class="FILENAME">bare.i</tt> is your
|
||||
disk image file and your floppy drive is <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/fd0</tt>, the command
|
||||
to make a <tt class="FILENAME">bare.i</tt> floppy is:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">dd if=bare.i of=/dev/fd0</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you're running a Microsoft OS, you'll need to use the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">RAWRITE.EXE</tt> program, which is included in the distribution tree in
|
||||
the same directories as the floppy images. Again assuming that <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">bare.i</tt> is your disk image file and your floppy drive is <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">A:</tt>, open a DOS prompt and type the following:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
C:\ <kbd class="USERINPUT">rawrite a: bare.i</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="installation.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="installation-partitioning.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Installation</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="installation.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Partitioning</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,387 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>The setup Program</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Installation" href="installation.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Partitioning" href="installation-partitioning.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="System Configuration" href="system-configuration.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="installation-partitioning.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 3 Installation</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="system-configuration.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="INSTALLATION-SETUP" name="INSTALLATION-SETUP">3.4 The <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">setup</tt> Program</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Once you have created your partitions, you are ready to install Slackware. The next
|
||||
step in the installation process is running the <tt class="COMMAND">setup</tt>(8)
|
||||
program. To do so, simply type <tt class="COMMAND">setup</tt> at the shell prompt. <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">setup</tt> is a menu-driven system for actually installing the Slackware
|
||||
packages and configuring your system.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN981" name="AEN981"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-program-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The setup process goes something like this: You step through each option in the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">setup</tt> program, in the order they are listed. (Of course, you are
|
||||
free to do things in almost any order you choose, but chances are it isn't going to work
|
||||
out very well.) Menu items are selected using the up and down arrow keys, and the
|
||||
“Okay” and “Cancel” buttons can be chosen by using the left and
|
||||
right arrow keys. Alternatively, each option has a corresponding key, which is
|
||||
highlighted in the option name. Options which are flaggable (those indicated with a <var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">[X]</var>) are toggled using the spacebar.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Of course, all of that is described in the “help” section of <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">setup</tt>, but we believe in giving our readers their money's worth.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN993" name="AEN993">3.4.1 HELP</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If this is your first time installing Slackware, you might want to take a look at the
|
||||
help screen. It will give a description of each part of <tt class="COMMAND">setup</tt>
|
||||
(much like the one we're writing now, but less involved) and instructions for navigating
|
||||
the rest of the install.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN997" name="AEN997"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-help-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN1001" name="AEN1001">3.4.2 KEYMAP</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you require a keymap other than the United States “qwerty” layout, you
|
||||
may want to take a look at this section. It offers a number of alternate layouts for your
|
||||
keyboarding enjoyment.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1009" name="AEN1009"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-keymap-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN1013" name="AEN1013">3.4.3 ADDSWAP</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1015" name="AEN1015"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-swap-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you created a swap partition (back in <a
|
||||
href="installation-partitioning.html">Section 3.3</a>), this section will allow you to
|
||||
enable it. It will autodetect and display the swap partitions on your hard drive,
|
||||
allowing you to select one to format and enable.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN1023" name="AEN1023">3.4.4 TARGET</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1025" name="AEN1025"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-target-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The target section is where your other (non-swap) partitions are formatted and mapped
|
||||
to filesystem mount points. A list of the partitions on your hard disk will be displayed.
|
||||
For each partition, you will be given the option of whether to format that partition or
|
||||
not. Depending on the kernel used, you can choose between reiserfs (the default), ext3,
|
||||
ext2, jfs, and xfs. Most people use either reiserfs or ext3. In the near future we may
|
||||
see support for reiserfs4 slip in.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The first option in the target section is the selection of a partition on which to
|
||||
install your root (<tt class="FILENAME">/</tt>) filesystem. After that, you will be able
|
||||
to map other partitions to filesystems as you choose. (For instance, you may want your
|
||||
third partition, say <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/hda3</tt>, to be your home filesystem.
|
||||
This is just an example; map the partitions as you see fit.)</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN1035" name="AEN1035">3.4.5 SOURCE</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The source section is where you select the source media from which you are installing
|
||||
Slackware. Currently there are four sources to choose from. These are CD-ROM, NFS, or a
|
||||
premounted directory.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1038" name="AEN1038"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-source-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The CD-ROM selection enables a CD-ROM based installation. It will offer the option of
|
||||
scanning for a CD-ROM drive or displaying a list from which you can pick your drive type.
|
||||
Make sure you have the Slackware CD in your drive before allowing it to scan.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The NFS selection prompts for your network information and the network information for
|
||||
your NFS server. The NFS server must be set up in advance. Also note that you cannot use
|
||||
hostnames, you must use the IP addresses for both your machine and the NFS server (there
|
||||
is no name resolver on the setup disk). Naturally you must have used the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">network.dsk</tt> floppy to add support for your network controller.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The premounted directory offers the most flexibility. You can use this method to
|
||||
install from things such as Jaz disks, NFS mounts over PLIP, and FAT filesystems. Mount
|
||||
the filesystem to a location of your choosing before running setup, then specify that
|
||||
location here.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN1054" name="AEN1054">3.4.6 SELECT</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The select option allows you to select the software series that you wish to install.
|
||||
These series are described in <a
|
||||
href="installation-requirements.html#INSTALLATION-SOFTWARE-SERIES">Section 3.2.1</a>.
|
||||
Please note that you must install the A series to have a working base system. All other
|
||||
series are optional.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1058" name="AEN1058"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-select-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN1062" name="AEN1062">3.4.7 INSTALL</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Assuming that you have gone through the “target”, “source”,
|
||||
and “select” options, the <var class="OPTION">install</var> option will allow
|
||||
you to select packages from your chosen software series. If not, it will prompt you to go
|
||||
back and complete the other sections of the setup program. This option allows you to
|
||||
select from six different installation methods: <var class="OPTION">full</var>, <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">newbie</var>, <var class="OPTION">menu</var>, <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">expert</var>, <var class="OPTION">custom</var>, and <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">tag path</var>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1077" name="AEN1077"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-install-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <var class="OPTION">full</var> option will install every package from all the
|
||||
software series that you chose in the “select” section. There is no further
|
||||
prompting. This is the easiest installation method, since you do not need to make any
|
||||
decisions on the actual packages to install. Of course, this option also takes up the
|
||||
most hard drive space.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The next option is <var class="OPTION">newbie</var>. This option installs all of the
|
||||
required packages in the selected series. For all other packages, it offers a prompt
|
||||
where you can select “Yes”, “No”, or “Skip”. Yes and
|
||||
No do the obvious, while Skip will go ahead to the next software series. Additionally,
|
||||
you will see a description and size requirement for each package to help you decide if
|
||||
you need it. We recommend this option for new users, as it ensures that you get all the
|
||||
required packages installed. However, it is a little slow because of the prompting.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><var class="OPTION">Menu</var> is a faster and more advanced version of the newbie
|
||||
option. For each series, a menu is displayed, from which you can select all the
|
||||
non-required packages you want to install. Required packages are not displayed on this
|
||||
menu.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>For the more advanced user, install offers the <var class="OPTION">expert</var>
|
||||
option. This allows you complete control over what packages get installed. You can
|
||||
deselect packages that are absolutely required, resulting in a broken system. On the
|
||||
other hand, you can control exactly what goes onto your system. Simply select the
|
||||
packages from each series that you want installed. This is not recommended for the new
|
||||
user, as it is quite easy to shoot yourself in the foot.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <var class="OPTION">custom</var> and <var class="OPTION">tag path</var> options
|
||||
are also for advanced users. These options allow you to install based upon custom tag
|
||||
files that you created in the distribution tree. This is useful for installing to large
|
||||
numbers of machines fairly quickly. For more information on using tag files, see <a
|
||||
href="package-management-making-tags-and-tagfiles.html">Section 18.4</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>After selecting your installation method, one of a few things will happen. If you
|
||||
selected full or menu, a menu screen will appear, allowing you to select the packages to
|
||||
be installed. If you selected full, packages will immediately start getting installed to
|
||||
the target. If you selected newbie, packages will be installed until an optional package
|
||||
is reached.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Note that it is possible to run out of space while installing. If you selected too
|
||||
many packages for the amount of free space on the target device, you will have problems.
|
||||
The safest thing to do is to select some software and add more later, if you need it.
|
||||
This can easily be done using Slackware's package management tools. For this information,
|
||||
see <a href="package-management.html">Chapter 18</a>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN1100" name="AEN1100">3.4.8 CONFIGURE</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The configure section allows you to do some basic system configuration, now that the
|
||||
packages have been installed. What you see here depends in large part upon which software
|
||||
you have installed. You will, however, always see the following:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1103" name="AEN1103">3.4.8.1 Kernel selection</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Here you will be asked to select a kernel to install. You can install the kernel from
|
||||
the boot disk you used to install, the Slackware CD-ROM, or from another floppy which you
|
||||
(always thinking ahead) have prepared. Or you can elect to skip, in which case the
|
||||
default kernel will be installed and play will continue to the dealer's left.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1106" name="AEN1106"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-kernel-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1110" name="AEN1110">3.4.8.2 Make a boot disk</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Making a boot disk for future use is probably a good idea. You will have the option of
|
||||
formatting a floppy and then creating one of two types of boot disk. The first type, <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">simple</var>, simply (go figure) writes a kernel to the floppy. A more
|
||||
flexible (and highly recommended) option is <var class="OPTION">lilo</var>, which will of
|
||||
course create a lilo boot disk. See LILO in <a href="booting.html#BOOTING-LILO">Section
|
||||
7.1</a> for more information. Of course, you may also choose to simply <var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">continue</var>, in which case no boot disk will be made.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1119" name="AEN1119"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-bootdisk-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1123" name="AEN1123">3.4.8.3 Modem</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You will be prompted for modem information. More specifically, you will be asked
|
||||
whether you have a modem, and if so, what serial port it is on.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1128" name="AEN1128"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-modem-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>These next configuration subsections may or may not appear, depending on whether or
|
||||
not you installed their corresponding packages.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1133" name="AEN1133">3.4.8.4 Timezone</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This one's pretty straightforward: you will be asked what time zone you are in. If you
|
||||
operate on Zulu time, we are very sorry; the (extremely long) list is alphabetically
|
||||
ordered, and you're at the bottom.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1138" name="AEN1138"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-timezone-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1142" name="AEN1142">3.4.8.5 Mouse</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This subsection simply asks what kind of mouse you have, and whether you want <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">gpm</tt>(8) console mouse support enabled on bootup.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1148" name="AEN1148"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-mouse-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1152" name="AEN1152">3.4.8.6 Hardware clock</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This subsection asks if your computer's hardware clock is set to Coordinated Universal
|
||||
Time (UTC or GMT). Most PCs are not, so you should probably say no.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1155" name="AEN1155"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-hardware-clock-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1159" name="AEN1159">3.4.8.7 Font</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The font subsection allows you to choose from a list of custom console fonts.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1164" name="AEN1164"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-font-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1168" name="AEN1168">3.4.8.8 LILO</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Here you are prompted for installation of LILO (the LInux LOader; see <a
|
||||
href="booting.html#BOOTING-LILO">Section 7.1</a> for more information).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1174" name="AEN1174"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-lilo-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If Slackware is to be the only operating system on your computer, <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">simple</var> should work just fine for you. If you are dual-booting, the
|
||||
<var class="OPTION">expert</var> option is a better choice. See <a
|
||||
href="booting-dual.html">Section 7.3</a> for more information on dual-booting. The third
|
||||
option, <var class="OPTION">do not install</var>, is not recommended unless you know what
|
||||
you're doing and have a very good reason for not installing LILO. If you are performing
|
||||
an expert install, you will be given a choice as to where LILO will be put. You may place
|
||||
LILO in the MBR (Master Boot Record) of your hard drive, in the superblock of your root
|
||||
Linux partition, or on a floppy disk.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1183" name="AEN1183">3.4.8.9 Network</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The network configuration subsection is actually <tt class="COMMAND">netconfig</tt>.
|
||||
See <a href="network-configuration.html#NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-NETCONFIG">Section 5.1</a>
|
||||
for more information.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT3">
|
||||
<h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN1190" name="AEN1190">3.4.8.10 X Window Manager</a></h3>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This subsection will allow you to choose a default window manager for X. See <a
|
||||
href="x-window-system.html">Chapter 6</a> for more details on X and window managers.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALFIGURE"><a id="AEN1198" name="AEN1198"></a>
|
||||
<p><img src="installation/setup-xwmconfig-w.png" /></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>No matter which packages you installed, the last thing configure will do is ask you
|
||||
whether you want to go ahead and set a <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt> password. For
|
||||
security reasons, this is probably a good idea; however, like almost everything else in
|
||||
Slackware, this is your call.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
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cellspacing="0">
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<tr>
|
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<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="installation-partitioning.html"
|
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accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="system-configuration.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Partitioning</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="installation.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">System Configuration</td>
|
||||
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|
||||
</table>
|
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|
||||
</body>
|
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|
||||
|
||||
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@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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<title>Installation</title>
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<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
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<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
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<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Online Help" href="help-online.html" />
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<link rel="NEXT" title="System Requirements" href="installation-requirements.html" />
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<body class="CHAPTER" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
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<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
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<tr>
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<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
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</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="CHAPTER">
|
||||
<h1><a id="INSTALLATION" name="INSTALLATION"></a>Chapter 3 Installation</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TOC">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>3.1 <a href="installation.html#INSTALLATION-GETTING">Getting Slackware</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>3.2 <a href="installation-requirements.html">System Requirements</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>3.3 <a href="installation-partitioning.html">Partitioning</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>3.4 <a href="installation-setup.html">The <tt class="COMMAND">setup</tt>
|
||||
Program</a></dt>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Before you can use Slackware Linux, you'll have to obtain and install it. Getting
|
||||
Slackware is as easy as purchasing it or downloading it for free over the Internet.
|
||||
Installing it is also easy as long as you have some basic knowledge about your computer
|
||||
and are willing to learn a few other things. The installation program itself is very much
|
||||
a step-by-step process. Because of this, you can be up and running very quickly. In fact,
|
||||
Slackware boasts one of the lowest installation times of any full-featured Linux
|
||||
distribution.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="INSTALLATION-GETTING" name="INSTALLATION-GETTING">3.1 Getting
|
||||
Slackware</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN641" name="AEN641">3.1.1 The Official Disc and Box
|
||||
Sets</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The official Slackware Linux CD set is available from Slackware Linux, Inc. The CD set
|
||||
consists of 4 discs. The first disk contains all the software needed for a basic server
|
||||
install, and the X window system. The second cd is a “live” cd; that is, a
|
||||
bootable cd that installs into RAM and gives you a temporary installation to play around
|
||||
with or do a data or machine rescue. This cd also contains a few packages such as the KDE
|
||||
and GNOME desktop environments. A few other goodies are included on the second cd
|
||||
including many non-vital packages in the “extra” folder. The third and fourth
|
||||
CDs contain the source code to all of Slackware, along with the original edition of this
|
||||
book.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>One may also purchase a boxed set that includes the 4 discs and a copy of this book,
|
||||
as well as lots of neat Slackware gear to show off your geek pride. CD subscriptions are
|
||||
available at a reduced rate also.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The preferred method for shopping for Slackware merchandise is online at the Slackware
|
||||
store.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><a href="http://store.slackware.com" target="_top">http://store.slackware.com</a></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can also call or e-mail your order in.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TABLE"><a id="AEN661" name="AEN661"></a>
|
||||
<p><b>Table 3-1. Slackware Linux, Inc. Contact Information</b></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" frame="void" class="CALSTABLE">
|
||||
<col width="1*" />
|
||||
<col width="2*" />
|
||||
<thead>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th>Method</th>
|
||||
<th>Contact Details</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</thead>
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Telephone</td>
|
||||
<td>1-(925) 674-0783</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Website</td>
|
||||
<td>http://store.slackware.com</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Email</td>
|
||||
<td>orders@slackware.com</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>Postal</td>
|
||||
<td>1164 Claremont Drive, Brentwood, CA 94513</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN683" name="AEN683">3.1.2 Via the Internet</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Slackware Linux is also freely available over the Internet. You may email in your
|
||||
support questions, but higher priority will be given to those who have purchased the
|
||||
official CD set. With that said, we get a lot of e-mails and our time is rather limited.
|
||||
Before e-mailing for support consider reading <a href="help.html">Chapter 2</a>
|
||||
first.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The official Slackware Linux Project website is located at:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><a href="http://www.slackware.com/" target="_top">http://www.slackware.com/</a></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The primary FTP location for Slackware Linux is:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><a href="ftp://ftp.slackware.com/pub/slackware/"
|
||||
target="_top">ftp://ftp.slackware.com/pub/slackware/</a></p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Bear in mind that our ftp site, while open for general use, does not have unlimited
|
||||
bandwidth. Please consider using a mirror near you to download Slackware. An incomplete
|
||||
list of mirrors can be found on our site at <a href="http://www.slackware.com/getslack"
|
||||
target="_top">http://www.slackware.com/getslack</a>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
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|
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|
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Linux</td>
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|
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||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="INTRODUCTION-OPENSOURCE" name="INTRODUCTION-OPENSOURCE">1.3 Open
|
||||
Source and Free Software</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Within the Linux community, there are two major ideological movements at work. The
|
||||
Free Software movement (which we'll get into in a moment) is working toward the goal of
|
||||
making all software free of intellectual property restrictions. Followers of this
|
||||
movement believe these restrictions hamper technical improvement and work against the
|
||||
good of the community. The Open Source movement is working toward most of the same goals,
|
||||
but takes a more pragmatic approach to them. Followers of this movement prefer to base
|
||||
their arguments on the economic and technical merits of making source code freely
|
||||
available, rather than the moral and ethical principles that drive the Free Software
|
||||
Movement.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>At the other end of the spectrum are groups that wish to maintain tighter controls
|
||||
over their software.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The Free Software movement is headed by the Free Software Foundation, a fund-raising
|
||||
organization for the GNU project. Free software is more of an ideology. The oft-used
|
||||
expression is “free as in speech, not free as in beer”. In essence, free
|
||||
software is an attempt to guarantee certain rights for both users and developers. These
|
||||
freedoms include the freedom to run the program for any reason, to study and modify the
|
||||
source code, to redistribute the source, and to share any modifications you make. In
|
||||
order to guarantee these freedoms, the GNU General Public License (GPL) was created. The
|
||||
GPL, in brief, provides that anyone distributing a compiled program which is licensed
|
||||
under the GPL must also provide source code, and is free to make modifications to the
|
||||
program as long as those modifications are also made available in source code form. This
|
||||
guarantees that once a program is “opened” to the community, it cannot be
|
||||
“closed” except by consent of every author of every piece of code (even the
|
||||
modifications) within it. Most Linux programs are licensed under the GPL.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It is important to note that the GPL does not say anything about price. As odd as it
|
||||
may sound, you can charge for free software. The “free” part is in the
|
||||
liberties you have with the source code, not in the price you pay for the software.
|
||||
(However, once someone has sold you, or even given you, a compiled program licensed under
|
||||
the GPL they are obligated to provide its source code as well.)</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Another popular license is the BSD license. In contrast to the GPL, the BSD license
|
||||
gives no requirement for the release of a program's source code. Software released under
|
||||
the BSD license allows redistribution in source or binary form provided only a few
|
||||
conditions are met. The author's credentials cannot be used as a sort of advertisement
|
||||
for the program. It also indemnifies the author from liability for damages that may arise
|
||||
from the use of the software. Much of the software included in Slackware Linux is BSD
|
||||
licensed.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>At the forefront of the younger Open Source movement, the Open Source Initiative is an
|
||||
organization that solely exists to gain support for open source software, that is,
|
||||
software that has the source code available as well as the ready-to-run program. They do
|
||||
not offer a specific license, but instead they support the various types of open source
|
||||
licenses available.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The idea behind the OSI is to get more companies behind open source by allowing them
|
||||
to write their own open source licenses and have those licenses certified by the Open
|
||||
Source Initiative. Many companies want to release source code, but do not want to use the
|
||||
GPL. Since they cannot radically change the GPL, they are offered the opportunity to
|
||||
provide their own license and have it certified by this organization.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>While the Free Software Foundation and the Open Source Initiative work to help each
|
||||
other, they are not the same thing. The Free Software Foundation uses a specific license
|
||||
and provides software under that license. The Open Source Initiative seeks support for
|
||||
all open source licenses, including the one from the Free Software Foundation. The
|
||||
grounds on which each argues for making source code freely available sometimes divides
|
||||
the two movements, but the fact that two ideologically diverse groups are working toward
|
||||
the same goal lends credence to the efforts of each.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
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|
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<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 1 An Introduction to Slackware
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|
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|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="INTRODUCTION-SLACKWARE" name="INTRODUCTION-SLACKWARE">1.2 What
|
||||
is Slackware?</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Slackware, started by Patrick Volkerding in late 1992, and initially released to the
|
||||
world on July 17, 1993, was the first Linux distribution to achieve widespread use.
|
||||
Volkerding first learned of Linux when he needed an inexpensive LISP interpreter for a
|
||||
project. One of the few distributions available at the time was SLS Linux from Soft
|
||||
Landing Systems. Volkerding used SLS Linux, fixing bugs as he found them. Eventually, he
|
||||
decided to merge all of these bugfixes into his own private distribution that he and his
|
||||
friends could use. This private distribution quickly gained popularity, so Volkerding
|
||||
decided to name it Slackware and make it publicly available. Along the way, Patrick added
|
||||
new things to Slackware; a user friendly installation program based on a menuing system,
|
||||
as well as the concept of package management, which allows users to easily add, remove,
|
||||
or upgrade software packages on their systems.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There are many reasons why Slackware is Linux's oldest living distribution. It does
|
||||
not try to emulate Windows, it tries to be as Unix-like as possible. It does not try to
|
||||
cover up processes with fancy, point-and-click GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces). Instead,
|
||||
it puts users in control by letting them see exactly what's going on. Its development is
|
||||
not rushed to meet deadlines-each version comes out when it is ready.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Slackware is for people who enjoy learning and tweaking their system to do exactly
|
||||
what they want. Slackware's stability and simplicity are why people will continue to use
|
||||
it for years to come. Slackware currently enjoys a reputation as a solid server and a
|
||||
no-nonsense workstation. You can find Slackware desktops running nearly any window
|
||||
manager or desktop environment, or none at all. Slackware servers power businesses,
|
||||
acting in every capacity that a server can be used in. Slackware users are among the most
|
||||
satisfied Linux users. Of course, we'd say that. :^)</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
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|
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|
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|
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<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">An Introduction to Slackware Linux</td>
|
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|
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|
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<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Open Source and Free Software</td>
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|
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|
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<div class="CHAPTER">
|
||||
<h1><a id="INTRODUCTION" name="INTRODUCTION"></a>Chapter 1 An Introduction to Slackware
|
||||
Linux</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TOC">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>1.1 <a href="introduction.html#INTRODUCTION-LINUX">What is Linux?</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>1.2 <a href="introduction-slackware.html">What is Slackware?</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>1.3 <a href="introduction-opensource.html">Open Source and Free Software</a></dt>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="INTRODUCTION-LINUX" name="INTRODUCTION-LINUX">1.1 What is
|
||||
Linux?</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Linus Torvalds started Linux, an operating system kernel, as a personal project in
|
||||
1991. He started the project because he wanted to run a Unix-based operating system
|
||||
without spending a lot of money. In addition, he wanted to learn the ins and outs of the
|
||||
386 processor. Linux was released free of charge to the public so that anyone could study
|
||||
it and make improvements under the General Public License. (See <a
|
||||
href="introduction-opensource.html">Section 1.3</a> and <a href="gpl.html">Appendix A</a>
|
||||
for an explanation of the license.) Today, Linux has grown into a major player in the
|
||||
operating system market. It has been ported to run on a variety of system architectures,
|
||||
including HP/Compaq's Alpha, Sun's SPARC and UltraSPARC, and Motorola's PowerPC chips
|
||||
(through Apple Macintosh and IBM RS/6000 computers.) Hundreds, if not thousands, of
|
||||
programmers all over the world now develop Linux. It runs programs like Sendmail, Apache,
|
||||
and BIND, which are very popular software used to run Internet servers. It's important to
|
||||
remember that the term “Linux” really refers to the kernel - the core of the
|
||||
operating system. This core is responsible for controlling your computer's processor,
|
||||
memory, hard drives, and peripherals. That's all Linux really does: It controls the
|
||||
operations of your computer and makes sure that all of its programs behave. Various
|
||||
companies and individuals bundle the kernel and various programs together to make an
|
||||
operating system. We call each bundle a Linux distribution.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="INTRODUCTION-LINUX-GNU" name="INTRODUCTION-LINUX-GNU">1.1.1 A
|
||||
Word on GNU</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The Linux kernel project began as a solo endeavor by Linus Torvalds in 1991, but as
|
||||
Isaac Newton once said, “If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders
|
||||
of giants.” When Linus Torvalds began the kernel the Free Software Foundation had
|
||||
already established the idea of collaborative software. They entitled their effort GNU, a
|
||||
recursive acronym that means simply “GNU's Not Unix”. GNU software ran atop
|
||||
the Linux kernel from day 1. Their compiler <tt class="COMMAND">gcc</tt> was used to
|
||||
compile the kernel. Today many GNU tools from <tt class="COMMAND">gcc</tt> to <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">gnutar</tt> are still at the basis of every major Linux distribution. For
|
||||
this reason many of the Free Software Foundation's proponents fervently state that their
|
||||
work should be given the same credit as the Linux kernel. They strongly suggest that all
|
||||
Linux distributions should refer to themselves as GNU/Linux distributions.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This is the topic of many flamewars, surpassed only by the ancient vi versus emacs
|
||||
holy war. The purpose of this book is not to fan the fires of this heated discussion, but
|
||||
rather to clarify the terminology for neophytes. When one sees GNU/Linux it means a Linux
|
||||
distribution. When one sees Linux they can either be referring to the kernel, or to a
|
||||
distribution. It can be rather confusing. Typically the term GNU/Linux isn't used because
|
||||
it's a mouth full.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="book-preface.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="introduction-slackware.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Preface</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">What is Slackware?</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Network Hardware Configuration</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
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<link rel="UP" title="Network Configuration" href="network-configuration.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Network Configuration" href="network-configuration.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="TCP/IP Configuration" href="network-configuration-tcpip.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
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</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="network-configuration.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 5 Network Configuration</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="network-configuration-tcpip.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-HARDWARE"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-HARDWARE">5.2 Network Hardware Configuration</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Having decided that you wish to bring your Slackware machine on to some form of
|
||||
network, the first thing you'll need is a Linux-compatible network card. You will need to
|
||||
take a little care to ensure that the card is truly Linux-compatible (please refer to the
|
||||
Linux Documentation Project and/or the kernel documentation for information on the
|
||||
current status of your proposed network card). As a general rule, you will most likely be
|
||||
pleasantly surprised by the number of networking cards that are supported under the more
|
||||
modern kernels. Having said that, I'd still suggest referring to any of the various Linux
|
||||
hardware compatibility lists (such as <a
|
||||
href="http://www.eskimo.com/%7Elo/linux/hardwarelinks.html" target="_top">The GNU/Linux
|
||||
Beginners Group Hardware Compatibility Links</a> and <a
|
||||
href="http://www.linux.org/docs/ldp/howto/Hardware-HOWTO/" target="_top">The Linux
|
||||
Documentation Project Hardware HOWTO</a>) that are available on the Internet before
|
||||
purchasing your card. A little extra time spent in research can save days or even weeks
|
||||
trying to troubleshoot a card that isn't compatible with Linux at all.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>When you visit the Linux Hardware Compatibility lists available on the Internet, or
|
||||
when you refer to the kernel documentation installed on your machine, it would be wise to
|
||||
note which kernel module you'll need to use to support your network card.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-HARDWARE-MODULES"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-HARDWARE-MODULES">5.2.1 Loading Network Modules</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Kernel modules that are to be loaded on boot-up are loaded from the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">rc.modules</tt> file in <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d</tt> or by the
|
||||
kernel's auto module loading started by <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d/rc.hotplug</tt>.
|
||||
The default <tt class="FILENAME">rc.modules</tt> file includes a Network device support
|
||||
section. If you open <tt class="FILENAME">rc.modules</tt> and look for that section,
|
||||
you'll notice that it first checks for an executable <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">rc.netdevice</tt> file in <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d/</tt>. This
|
||||
script is created if <tt class="COMMAND">setup</tt> successfully autoprobes your network
|
||||
device during installation.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Below that “if” block is a list of network devices and modprobe lines,
|
||||
each commented out. Find your device and uncomment the corresponding modprobe line, then
|
||||
save the file. Running <tt class="FILENAME">rc.modules</tt> as <tt
|
||||
class="USERNAME">root</tt> should now load your network device driver (as well as any
|
||||
other modules that are listed and uncommented). Note that some modules (such as the
|
||||
ne2000 driver) require parameters; make sure you select the correct line.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-HARDWARE-LAN"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-HARDWARE-LAN">5.2.2 LAN (10/100/1000Base-T and Base-2)
|
||||
cards</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This heading encompasses all of the internal PCI and ISA networking cards. Drivers for
|
||||
these cards are provided via loadable kernel modules as covered in the previous
|
||||
paragraph. <tt class="FILENAME">/sbin/netconfig</tt> should have probed for your card and
|
||||
successfully set up your <tt class="FILENAME">rc.netdevice</tt> file. If this did not
|
||||
occur, the most likely problem would be that the module that you're attempting to load
|
||||
for a given card is incorrect (it is not unheard of for different generations of the same
|
||||
brand of card from the same manufacturer to require different modules). If you are
|
||||
certain that the module that you're attempting to load is the correct one, your next best
|
||||
bet would be to refer to the documentation for the module in an attempt to discover
|
||||
whether or not specific parameters are required during when the module is
|
||||
initialized.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-HARDWARE-MODEMS"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-HARDWARE-MODEMS">5.2.3 Modems</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Like LAN cards, modems can come with various bus support options. Until recently, most
|
||||
modems were 8 or 16 bit ISA cards. With the efforts of Intel and motherboard
|
||||
manufacturers everywhere to finally kill off the ISA bus completely, it is common now to
|
||||
find that most modems are either external modems that connect to a serial or USB port or
|
||||
are internal PCI modems. If you wish for your modem to work with Linux, it is <span
|
||||
class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">VITALLY</i></span> important to research your
|
||||
prospective modem purchase, particularly if you are considering purchasing a PCI modem.
|
||||
Many, if not most, PCI modems available on store shelves these days are WinModems.
|
||||
WinModems lack some basic hardware on the modem card itself: the functions performed by
|
||||
this hardware are typically offloaded onto the CPU by the modem driver and the Windows
|
||||
operating system. This means that they do not have the standard serial interface that
|
||||
PPPD will be expecting to see when you try to dial out to your Internet Service
|
||||
Provider.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you want to be absolutely sure that the modem you're purchasing will work with
|
||||
Linux, purchase an external hardware modem that connects to the serial port on your PC.
|
||||
These are guaranteed to work better and be less trouble to install and maintain, though
|
||||
they require external power and tend to cost more.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There are several web sites that provide drivers and assistance for configuring
|
||||
WinModem based devices. Some users have reported success configuring and installing
|
||||
drivers for the various winmodems, including Lucent, Conexant, and Rockwell chipsets. As
|
||||
the required software for these devices is not an included part of Slackware, and varies
|
||||
from driver to driver, we will not go into detail on them.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-HARDWARE-PCMCIA"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-HARDWARE-PCMCIA">5.2.4 PCMCIA</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>As part of your Slackware install, you are given the opportunity to install the pcmcia
|
||||
package (in the “A” series of packages). This package contains the
|
||||
applications and setup files required to work with PCMCIA cards under Slackware. It is
|
||||
important to note that the pcmcia package only installs the generic software required to
|
||||
work with PCMCIA cards under Slackware. It does NOT install any drivers or modules. The
|
||||
available modules and drivers will be in the <tt class="FILENAME">/lib/modules/`uname
|
||||
-r`/pcmcia</tt> directory. You may need to do some experimentation to find a module that
|
||||
will work with your network card.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You will need to edit <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/pcmcia/network.opts</tt> (for an
|
||||
Ethernet card) or <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/pcmcia/wireless.opts</tt> (if you have a
|
||||
wireless networking card). Like most Slackware configuration files, these two files are
|
||||
very well commented and it should be easy to determine which modifications need to be
|
||||
made.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration-tcpip.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Network Configuration</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">TCP/IP Configuration</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,308 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Network File Systems</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Network Configuration" href="network-configuration.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Wireless" href="network-configuration-wireless.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="X Configuration" href="x-window-system.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a
|
||||
href="network-configuration-wireless.html" accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 5 Network Configuration</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="x-window-system.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-NFS" name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-NFS">5.6
|
||||
Network File Systems</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>At this point, you should have a working TCP/IP connection to your network. You should
|
||||
be able to ping other computers on your internal network and, if you have configured an
|
||||
appropriate gateway, you should also be able to ping computers on the Internet itself. As
|
||||
we know, the whole point in bringing a computer onto a network is to access information.
|
||||
While some people might bring a computer up on a network just for the fun of it, most
|
||||
people wish to be able to share files and printers. They wish to be able to access
|
||||
documents on the Internet or play an online game. Having TCP/IP installed and functional
|
||||
on your new Slackware system is a means to that end, but with just TCP/IP installed,
|
||||
functionality will be very rudimentary. To share files, we will have to transfer them
|
||||
back and forth using either FTP or SCP. We cannot browse files on our new Slackware
|
||||
computer from the Network Neighborhood or My Network Places icons on Windows computers.
|
||||
We'd like to be able to access files on other Unix machines seamlessly.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Ideally, we'd like to be able to use a <span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">network file system</i></span> to allow us transparent access to our
|
||||
files on other computers. The programs that we use to interact with information stored on
|
||||
our computers really do not need to know on what computer a given file is stored; they
|
||||
just need to know that it exists and how to get to it. It is then the responsibility of
|
||||
the operating system to manage access to that file through the available file systems and
|
||||
network file systems. The two most commonly used network file systems are SMB (as
|
||||
implemented by Samba) and NFS.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-NSF-SMB"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-NSF-SMB">5.6.1 SMB/Samba/CIFS</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>SMB (for Server Message Block) is a descendant of the older NetBIOS protocol that was
|
||||
initially used by IBM in their LAN Manager product. Microsoft has always been fairly
|
||||
interested in NetBIOS and it's successors (NetBEUI, SMB and CIFS). The Samba project has
|
||||
existed since 1991, when it was originally written to link an IBM PC running NetBIOS with
|
||||
a Unix server. These days, SMB is the preferred method for sharing file and print
|
||||
services over a network for virtually the entire civilized world because Windows supports
|
||||
it.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Samba's configuration file is <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/samba/smb.conf</tt>; one of
|
||||
the most well commented and documented configuration files you will find anywhere. Sample
|
||||
shares have been setup for you to view and modify for your needs. If you need even
|
||||
tighter control the man page for smb.conf is indispensable. Since Samba is documented so
|
||||
well in the places I've mentioned above, we will not rewrite the documentation here. We
|
||||
will, however, quickly cover the basics.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="FILENAME">smb.conf</tt> is broken down into multiple sections: one section
|
||||
per share, and a global section for setting options that are to be used everywhere. Some
|
||||
options are only valid in the global section; some are only valid outside the global
|
||||
section. Remember that the global section can be over-ridden by any other section. Refer
|
||||
to the man pages for more information.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You will most likely wish to edit your <tt class="FILENAME">smb.conf</tt> file to
|
||||
reflect the network settings in your LAN. I would suggest modifying the items listed
|
||||
below:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
[global]
|
||||
# workgroup = NT-Domain-Name or Workgroup-Name, eg: LINUX2
|
||||
workgroup = MYGROUP
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Change the workgroup name to reflect the workgroup or domain name that you are using
|
||||
locally.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
# server string is the equivalent of the NT Description field
|
||||
server string = Samba Server
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This will be the name of your Slackware computer displayed in the Network Neighborhood
|
||||
(or My Network Places) folder.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
# Security mode. Most people will want user level security. See
|
||||
# security_level.txt for details. NOTE: To get the behaviour of
|
||||
# Samba-1.9.18, you'll need to use "security = share".
|
||||
security = user
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You'll almost certainly wish to implement user level security on your Slackware
|
||||
system.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
# You may wish to use password encryption. Please read
|
||||
# ENCRYPTION.txt, Win95.txt and WinNT.txt in the Samba
|
||||
# documentation.
|
||||
# Do not enable this option unless you have read those documents
|
||||
encrypt passwords = yes
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If encrypt passwords is not enabled, you will not be able to use Samba with NT4.0,
|
||||
Win2k, WinXP, and Win2003. Earlier Windows operating systems did not require encryption
|
||||
to share files.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>SMB is an authenticated protocol, meaning you must supply a correct username and
|
||||
password in order to use this service. We tell the samba server what usernames and
|
||||
passwords are valid with the <tt class="COMMAND">smbpasswd</tt> command. <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">smbpasswd</tt> takes a couple of common switches to tell it to either add
|
||||
traditional users, or add machine users (SMB requires that you add the computers' NETBIOS
|
||||
names as machine users, restricting what computers one can authenticate from).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
Adding a user to the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/samba/private/smbpasswd</tt> file.
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">smbpasswd -a user</kbd>
|
||||
Adding a machine name to the /etc/samba/private/smbpasswd file.
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">smbpasswd -a -m machine</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>It's important to note that a given username or machine name must already exist in the
|
||||
<tt class="FILENAME">/etc/passwd</tt> file. You can accomplish this simply with the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">adduser</tt> command. Note that when using the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">adduser</tt> command to add a machine name one must append a dollar sign
|
||||
(“<var class="LITERAL">$</var>”) to the machine name. This should <span
|
||||
class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">not</i></span> however, be done with <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">smbpasswd</tt>. <tt class="COMMAND">smbpasswd</tt> appends the dollar
|
||||
sign on its own. Failing to mangle the machine name this way with <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">adduser</tt> will result in an error when adding the machine name to
|
||||
samba.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">adduser machine$</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-NFS-NFS"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-NFS-NFS">5.6.2 Network File System (NFS)</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>NFS (or Network File System) was originally written by Sun for their Solaris
|
||||
implementation of Unix. While it is significantly easier to get up and running when
|
||||
compared to SMB, it is also significantly less secure. The primary insecurity in NFS is
|
||||
that it is easy to spoof user and group id's from one machine to another. NFS is an
|
||||
unauthenticated protocol. Future versions of the NFS protocol are being devised that
|
||||
enhance security, but these are not common at the time of this writing.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>NFS configuration is governed by the <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/exports</tt> file. When
|
||||
you load the default <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/exports</tt> file into an editor, you'll
|
||||
see a blank file with a two line comment on top. We'll need to add a line to the exports
|
||||
file for each directory that we wish to export, with a listing of client workstations
|
||||
that will be allowed to access that file. For instance, if we wished to export directory
|
||||
<tt class="FILENAME">/home/foo</tt> to workstation Bar, we would simply add the line:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
/home/foo Bar(rw)
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>to our <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/exports</tt>. Below, you'll find the example from the
|
||||
man page for the <tt class="FILENAME">exports</tt> file:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
# sample /etc/exports file
|
||||
/ master(rw) trusty(rw,no_root_squash)
|
||||
/projects proj*.local.domain(rw)
|
||||
/usr *.local.domain(ro) @trusted(rw)
|
||||
/home/joe pc001(rw,all_squash,anonuid=150,anongid=100)
|
||||
/pub (ro,insecure,all_squash)
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>As you can see, there are various options available, but most should be fairly clear
|
||||
from this example.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>NFS works under the assumption that a given user on one machine in a network has the
|
||||
same user ID on all machines across the network. When an attempt is made to read or write
|
||||
from a NFS client to an NFS server, a UID is passed as part of the read/write request.
|
||||
This UID is treated the same as if the read/write request originated on the local
|
||||
machine. As you can see, if one could arbitrarily specify a given UID when accessing
|
||||
resources on a remote system, Bad Things (tm) could and would happen. As a partial hedge
|
||||
against this, each directory is mounted with the <var class="OPTION">root_squash</var>
|
||||
option. This maps the UID for any user claiming to be root to a different UID, thus
|
||||
preventing root access to the files or folders in the exported directory. <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">root_squash</var> seems to be enabled by default as a security measure,
|
||||
but the authors recommend specifying it anyway in your <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/exports</tt> file.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You can also export a directory directly from the command line on the server by using
|
||||
the <tt class="COMMAND">exportfs</tt> command as follows:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd
|
||||
class="USERINPUT">exportfs -o rw,no_root_squash Bar:/home/foo</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This line exports the <tt class="FILENAME">/home/foo</tt> directory to the computer
|
||||
“<tt class="HOSTID">Bar</tt>” and grants <tt class="HOSTID">Bar</tt>
|
||||
read/write access. Additionally, the NFS server will not invoke <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">root_squash</var>, which means any user on Bar with a UID of
|
||||
“0” (root's UID) will have the same privileges as root on the server. The
|
||||
syntax does look strange (usually when a directory is specified in <var
|
||||
class="LITERAL">computer:/directory/file</var> syntax, you are referring to a file in a
|
||||
directory on a given computer).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>You'll find more information on the man page for the exports file.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration-wireless.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="x-window-system.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Wireless</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">X Configuration</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>PPP</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Network Configuration" href="network-configuration.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="TCP/IP Configuration"
|
||||
href="network-configuration-tcpip.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Wireless" href="network-configuration-wireless.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="network-configuration-tcpip.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 5 Network Configuration</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a
|
||||
href="network-configuration-wireless.html" accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-PPP" name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-PPP">5.4
|
||||
PPP</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Many people still connect to the Internet through some kind of dialup connection. The
|
||||
most common method is PPP, though SLIP is still occasionally used. Setting up your system
|
||||
to speak PPP to a remote server is pretty easy. We've included a few tools to help you in
|
||||
setting it up.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN1954" name="AEN1954">5.4.1 <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">pppsetup</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Slackware includes a program called <tt class="COMMAND">pppsetup</tt> to configure
|
||||
your system to use your dialup account. It shares a look and feel similar to our <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">netconfig</tt> program. To run the program, make sure you are logged in
|
||||
as root. Then type <tt class="COMMAND">pppsetup</tt> to run it. You should see a screen
|
||||
like this:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The program will present a series of questions, to which you will feed it appropriate
|
||||
answers. Things like your modem device, the modem initialization string, and the ISP
|
||||
phone number. Some items will have a default, which you can accept in most cases.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>After the program runs, it will create a <tt class="COMMAND">ppp-go</tt> program and a
|
||||
<tt class="COMMAND">ppp-off</tt> program. These are used to start and stop, respectively,
|
||||
the PPP connection. The two programs are located in <tt class="FILENAME">/usr/sbin</tt>
|
||||
and need root privileges to run.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN1969" name="AEN1969">5.4.2 <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/ppp</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>For most users, running <tt class="COMMAND">pppsetup</tt> will be sufficient. However,
|
||||
there may be an instance where you want to tweak some of the values used by the PPP
|
||||
daemon. All of the configuration information is kept in <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/ppp</tt>. Here is a list of what the different files are for:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="INFORMALTABLE"><a id="AEN1975" name="AEN1975"></a>
|
||||
<table border="0" frame="void" class="CALSTABLE">
|
||||
<col width="1*" />
|
||||
<col width="3*" />
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">ip-down</tt></td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p>This script is run by <tt class="COMMAND">pppd</tt> after the PPP connection is
|
||||
ended.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">ip-up</tt></td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p>This script is run by <tt class="COMMAND">pppd</tt> when there's a successful ppp
|
||||
connection. Put any commands you want run after a successful connection in this file.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="FILENAME">options</tt></td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p>General configuration options for <tt class="COMMAND">pppd</tt>.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="FILENAME">options.demand</tt></td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p>General configuration options for <tt class="COMMAND">pppd</tt> when run in demand
|
||||
dialing mode.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="COMMAND">pppscript</tt></td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p>The commands sent to the modem.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><tt class="FILENAME">pppsetup.txt</tt></td>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<p>A log of what you entered when you ran <tt class="COMMAND">pppsetup</tt>.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NOTE">
|
||||
<table class="NOTE" width="100%" border="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="25" align="CENTER" valign="TOP"><img src="./imagelib/admon/note.png"
|
||||
hspace="5" alt="Note" /></td>
|
||||
<td align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
|
||||
<p>Most of these files won't be there until after you run <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">pppsetup</tt>.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration-tcpip.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration-wireless.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">TCP/IP Configuration</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Wireless</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,324 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>TCP/IP Configuration</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Network Configuration" href="network-configuration.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Network Hardware Configuration"
|
||||
href="network-configuration-hardware.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="PPP" href="network-configuration-ppp.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a
|
||||
href="network-configuration-hardware.html" accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 5 Network Configuration</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="network-configuration-ppp.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-TCPIP"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-TCPIP">5.3 TCP/IP Configuration</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>At this point, your network card should be physically installed in your computer, and
|
||||
the relevant kernel modules should be loaded. You will not yet be able to communicate
|
||||
over your network card, but information about the network device can be obtained with <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ifconfig -a</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ifconfig -a</kbd>
|
||||
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:A0:CC:3C:60:A4
|
||||
UP BROADCAST NOTRAILERS RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
|
||||
RX packets:110081 errors:1 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
|
||||
TX packets:84931 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
|
||||
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
|
||||
RX bytes:114824506 (109.5 Mb) TX bytes:9337924 (8.9 Mb)
|
||||
Interrupt:5 Base address:0x8400
|
||||
|
||||
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
|
||||
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
|
||||
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
|
||||
RX packets:2234 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
|
||||
TX packets:2234 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
|
||||
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
|
||||
RX bytes:168758 (164.8 Kb) TX bytes:168758 (164.8 Kb)
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you just typed <tt class="COMMAND">/sbin/ifconfig</tt> without the <var
|
||||
class="OPTION">-a</var> suffix, you would not see the <tt class="FILENAME">eth0</tt>
|
||||
interface, as your network card does not yet have a valid IP address or route.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>While there are many different ways to setup and subnet a network, all of them can be
|
||||
broken down into two types: Static and Dynamic. Static networks are setup such that each
|
||||
node (geek lingo for thing with an IP address) always has the same IP address. Dynamic
|
||||
networks are setup in such a way that the IP addresses for the nodes are controlled by a
|
||||
single server called the DHCP server.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-TCPIP-DHCP"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-TCPIP-DHCP">5.3.1 DHCP</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>DHCP (or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), is a means by which an IP address may
|
||||
be assigned to a computer on boot. When the DHCP <span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">client</i></span> boots, it puts out a request on the Local Area Network
|
||||
for a DHCP <span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">server</i></span> to assign it an
|
||||
IP address. The DHCP server has a pool (or <span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">scope</i></span>) of IP addresses available. The server will respond to
|
||||
this request with an IP address from the pool, along with a <span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">lease time</i></span>. Once the lease time for a given IP address lease
|
||||
has expired, the client must contact the server again and repeat the negotiation.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The client will then accept the IP address from the server and will configure the
|
||||
requested interface with the IP address. There is one more handy trick that DHCP clients
|
||||
use for negotiating the IP address that they will be assigned, however. The client will
|
||||
remember it's last assigned IP address, and will request that the server re-assign that
|
||||
IP address to the client again upon next negotiation. If possible, the server will do so,
|
||||
but if not, a new address is assigned. So, the negotiation resembles the following:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p class="LITERALLAYOUT"> <span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">Client</i></span>: Is there a DHCP server available on the LAN?<br />
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">Server</i></span>: Yes, there is. Here I am.<br />
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">Client</i></span>: I need an IP address.<br />
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">Server</i></span>: You may take 192.168.10.10 for 19200 seconds.<br />
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">Client</i></span>: Thank you.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p class="LITERALLAYOUT"> <span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">Client</i></span>: Is there a DHCP server available on the LAN?<br />
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">Server</i></span>:Yes, there is. Here I am.<br />
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">Client</i></span>:I need an IP address. The last time we<br />
|
||||
|
||||
talked, I had 192.168.10.10;<br />
|
||||
May I have it again?<br />
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">Server</i></span>:Yes, you may (or No, you may not: take 192.168.10.12 instead).<br />
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><i
|
||||
class="EMPHASIS">Client</i></span>: Thank you.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The DHCP client in Linux is <tt class="COMMAND">/sbin/dhcpcd</tt>. If you load <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1</tt> in your favorite text editor, you will notice
|
||||
that <tt class="COMMAND">/sbin/dhcpcd</tt> is called about midway through the script.
|
||||
This will force the conversation shown above. <tt class="COMMAND">dhcpcd</tt> will also
|
||||
track the amount of time left on the lease for the current IP address, and will
|
||||
automatically contact the DHCP server with a request to renew the lease when necessary.
|
||||
DHCP can also control related information, such as what ntp server to use, what route to
|
||||
take, etc.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Setting up DHCP on Slackware is simple. Just run <tt class="COMMAND">netconfig</tt>
|
||||
and select DHCP when offered. If you have more than one NIC and do not wish <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">eth0</tt> to be configured by DHCP, just edit the <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1.conf</tt> file and change the related variable for
|
||||
your NIC to “<var class="LITERAL">YES</var>”.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-TCPIP-STATIC"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-TCPIP-STATIC">5.3.2 Static IP</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Static IP addresses are fixed addresses that only change if manually told to. These
|
||||
are used in any case where an administrator doesn't want the IP information to change,
|
||||
such for internal servers on a LAN, any server connected to the Internet, and networked
|
||||
routers. With static IP addressing, you assign an address and leave it at that. Other
|
||||
machines know that you are always at that certain IP address and can contact you at that
|
||||
address always.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-TCPIP-CONF"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-TCPIP-CONF">5.3.3 <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1.conf</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you plan on assigning an IP address to your new Slackware box, you may do so either
|
||||
through the <tt class="FILENAME">netconfig</tt> script, or you may edit <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1.conf</tt>. In <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1.conf</tt> , you will notice:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
# Primary network interface card (eth0)
|
||||
IPADDR[0]=""
|
||||
NETMASK[0]=""
|
||||
USE_DHCP[0]=""
|
||||
DHCP_HOSTNAME[0]=""
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Then further at the bottom:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
|
||||
GATEWAY=""
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>In this case, our task is merely to place the correct information between the
|
||||
double-quotes. These variables are called by <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1</tt>
|
||||
at boot time to setup the nics. For each NIC, just enter the correct IP information, or
|
||||
put “<var class="LITERAL">YES</var>” for <var class="LITERAL">USE_DHCP</var>.
|
||||
Slackware will startup the interfaces with the information placed here in the order they
|
||||
are found.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The <var class="LITERAL">DEFAULT_GW</var> variable sets up the default route for
|
||||
Slackware. All communications between your computer and other computers on the Internet
|
||||
must pass through that gateway if no other route is specified for them. If you are using
|
||||
DHCP, you will usually not need to enter anything here, as the DHCP server will specify
|
||||
what gateway to use.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-TCPIP-RESOLVER"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-TCPIP-RESOLVER">5.3.4 <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/resolv.conf</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Ok, so you've got an IP address, you've got a default gateway, you may even have ten
|
||||
million dollars (give us some), but what good is that if you can't resolve names to IP
|
||||
addresses? No one wants to type in <tt class="HOSTID">72.9.234.112</tt> into their web
|
||||
browser to reach <tt class="HOSTID">www.slackbook.org</tt>. After all, who other than the
|
||||
authors would memorize that IP address? We need to setup DNS, but how? That's where <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/resolv.conf</tt> comes into play.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Chances are you already have the proper options in <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/resolv.conf</tt>. If you setup your network connection using DHCP,
|
||||
the DHCP server should handle updating this file for you. (Technically the DHCP server
|
||||
just tells <tt class="COMMAND">dhcpcd</tt> what to put here, and it obeys.) If you need
|
||||
to manually update your DNS server list though, you'll need to hand edit <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/resolv.conf</tt>. Below is an example:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cat /etc/resolv.conf</kbd>
|
||||
nameserver 192.168.1.254
|
||||
search lizella.net
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The first line is simple. The nameserver directive tells us what DNS servers to query.
|
||||
By necessity these are always IP addresses. You may have as many listed there as you
|
||||
like. Slackware will happily check one after the other until one returns a match.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The second line is a little more interesting. The search directive gives us a list of
|
||||
domain names to assume whenever a DNS request is made. This allows you to contact a
|
||||
machine by only the first part of its FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name). For example, if
|
||||
“slackware.com” were in your search path, you could reach <tt
|
||||
class="HOSTID">http://store.slackware.com</tt> by just pointing your web browser at <tt
|
||||
class="HOSTID">http://store</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">ping -c 1 store</kbd>
|
||||
PING store.slackware.com (69.50.233.153): 56 data bytes
|
||||
64 bytes from 69.50.233.153 : icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.251 ms
|
||||
1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
|
||||
round-trip min/avg/max = 0.251/0.251/0.251 ms
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<br />
|
||||
<br />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-TCPIP-HOSTS"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-TCPIP-HOSTS">5.3.5 <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/hosts</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Now that we've got DNS working fine, what if we want to bypass our DNS server, or add
|
||||
a DNS entry for a machine that isn't in DNS? Slackware includes the oft-loved <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/etc/hosts</tt> file which contains a local list of DNS names and IP
|
||||
addresses they should match to.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cat /etc/hosts</kbd>
|
||||
127.0.0.1 localhost locahost.localdomain
|
||||
192.168.1.101 redtail
|
||||
172.14.66.32 foobar.slackware.com
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Here you can see that localhost has an IP address of <tt class="HOSTID">127.0.0.1</tt>
|
||||
(always reserved for localhost), redtail can be reached at <tt
|
||||
class="HOSTID">192.168.1.101</tt>, and <tt class="HOSTID">foobar.slackware.com</tt> is
|
||||
<tt class="HOSTID">172.14.66.32</tt>.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration-hardware.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration-ppp.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Network Hardware Configuration</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">PPP</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,208 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Wireless</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Network Configuration" href="network-configuration.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="PPP" href="network-configuration-ppp.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Network File Systems" href="network-configuration-nfs.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="network-configuration-ppp.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 5 Network Configuration</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="network-configuration-nfs.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-WIRELESS"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-WIRELESS">5.5 Wireless</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Wireless networking is still a relatively new thing in the world of computers, yet is
|
||||
quickly catching on as more people begin to purchase laptops and want networking on the
|
||||
go, without having to fool with some old twisted pair cable. This trend doesn't appear to
|
||||
be slowing down. Unfortunately, wireless networking isn't yet as strongly supported in
|
||||
Linux as traditional wired networking.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>There are three basic steps to configuring an 802.11 wireless Ethernet card:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol type="1">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Hardware support for the wireless card</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Configure the card to connect to a wireless access point</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Configure the network</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN2033" name="AEN2033">5.5.1 Hardware Support</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Hardware support for a wireless card is provided through the kernel, either with a
|
||||
module or built in to the kernel. Generally, most newer Ethernet cards are provided
|
||||
through kernel modules, so you'll want to determine the appropriate kernel module and
|
||||
load it through <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d/rc.modules</tt>. <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">netconfig</tt> may not detect your wireless card, so you'll probably need
|
||||
to determine the card yourself. See <a
|
||||
href="http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/Linux/"
|
||||
target="_top">http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/Linux/</a> for more
|
||||
information on kernel drivers for various wireless cards.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN2044" name="AEN2044">5.5.2 Configure the Wireless
|
||||
Settings</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The vast majority of this work is done by <tt class="COMMAND">iwconfig</tt>, so as
|
||||
always read the man page for <tt class="COMMAND">iwconfig</tt> if you need more
|
||||
information.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>First, you'll want to configure your wireless access point. Wireless access points
|
||||
vary quite a bit in their terminology, and how to configure them, so you may need to
|
||||
adjust a bit to accommodate your hardware. In general, you'll need at least the following
|
||||
information:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>The domain ID, or name of the network (called the ESSID by <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">iwconfig</tt>)</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>The channel the WAP uses</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>The encryption settings, including any keys used (preferably in hexadecimal)</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="WARNING">
|
||||
<table class="WARNING" width="100%" border="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="25" align="CENTER" valign="TOP"><img src="./imagelib/admon/warning.png"
|
||||
hspace="5" alt="Warning" /></td>
|
||||
<td align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
|
||||
<p>A NOTE ABOUT WEP. WEP is quit flawed, but it's much better than nothing. If you wish a
|
||||
greater degree of security on your wireless network, you should investigate VPNs or
|
||||
IPSec, both of which are beyond the scope of this document. You might also configure your
|
||||
WAP not to advertise its domain ID/ ESSID. A thorough discussion of wireless policy is
|
||||
beyond the scope of this section, but a quick Google search will turn up more than you
|
||||
ever wanted to know.</p>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Once you've gathered the above information, and assuming you've used <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">modprobe</tt> to load the appropriate kernel driver, you can edit <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">rc.wireless.conf</tt> and add your settings. The <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">rc.wireless.conf</tt> file is a bit untidy. The least effort is to
|
||||
modify the generic section with your ESSID and KEY, and CHANNEL if required by your card.
|
||||
(Try not setting CHANNEL, and if it works, great; if not, set the CHANNEL as
|
||||
appropriate.) If you're daring, you can modify the file so that only the necessary
|
||||
variables are set. The variable names in <tt class="FILENAME">rc.wireless.conf</tt>
|
||||
correspond to the <tt class="COMMAND">iwconfig</tt> parameters, and are read by <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">rc.wireless</tt> and used in the appropriate <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">iwconfig</tt> commands.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you have your key in hexadecimal, that's ideal, since you can be fairly confident
|
||||
that your WAP and <tt class="COMMAND">iwconfig</tt> will agree on the key. If you only
|
||||
have a string, you can't be sure how your WAP will translate that into a hexadecimal key,
|
||||
so some guesswork may be needed (or get your WAP's key in hex).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Once you've modified <tt class="FILENAME">rc.wireless.conf</tt>, run <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">rc.wireless</tt> as <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt>, then run <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">rc.inet1</tt>, again as <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt>. You can test
|
||||
your wireless networking with standard testing tools such as <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">ping</tt>, along with <tt class="COMMAND">iwconfig</tt>. If you have a
|
||||
wired interface you may wish to use <tt class="COMMAND">ifconfig</tt> to turn those
|
||||
interfaces off while you test your wireless networking to ensure there's no interference.
|
||||
You may also want to test your changes through a reboot.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Now that you've seen how to edit <tt class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.d/rc.wireless</tt> for
|
||||
you default network, let's take a closer look at iwconfig and see how it all works. This
|
||||
will teach you the quick and dirty way of setting up wifi for those times when you find
|
||||
yourself at an Internet cafe, coffee shop, or any other wifi hot spot and wish to get
|
||||
online.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The first step is to tell your wireless NIC what network to join. Make sure you
|
||||
replace “<tt class="FILENAME">eth0</tt>” with whatever network interface your
|
||||
wireless card uses and change “<var class="REPLACEABLE">mynetwork</var>” to
|
||||
the essid you wish to use. Yes, we know you're smarter than that. Next you'll have to
|
||||
specify the encryption key (if any) used on your wireless network. Finally specify the
|
||||
channel to use (if needed).</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
<pre class="SCREEN">
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">iwconfig eth0 essid "<var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">mynetwork</var>"</kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">iwconfig eth0 key <var
|
||||
class="REPLACEABLE">XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX</var></kbd>
|
||||
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">iwconfig eth0 channel n</kbd>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>That should be all on the wireless end of things.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN2101" name="AEN2101">5.5.3 Configure the Network</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This is done in the exact same way as wired networks. Simply refer to earlier sections
|
||||
of this chapter.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration-ppp.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration-nfs.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">PPP</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Network File Systems</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Network Configuration</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Selecting a Kernel"
|
||||
href="system-configuration-kernel.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Network Hardware Configuration"
|
||||
href="network-configuration-hardware.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="CHAPTER" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="system-configuration-kernel.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom"></td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a
|
||||
href="network-configuration-hardware.html" accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="CHAPTER">
|
||||
<h1><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION" name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION"></a>Chapter 5 Network
|
||||
Configuration</h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="TOC">
|
||||
<dl>
|
||||
<dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>5.1 <a
|
||||
href="network-configuration.html#NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-NETCONFIG">Introduction: netconfig
|
||||
is your friend.</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>5.2 <a href="network-configuration-hardware.html">Network Hardware
|
||||
Configuration</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>5.3 <a href="network-configuration-tcpip.html">TCP/IP Configuration</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>5.4 <a href="network-configuration-ppp.html">PPP</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>5.5 <a href="network-configuration-wireless.html">Wireless</a></dt>
|
||||
|
||||
<dt>5.6 <a href="network-configuration-nfs.html">Network File Systems</a></dt>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-NETCONFIG"
|
||||
name="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION-NETCONFIG">5.1 Introduction: netconfig is your
|
||||
friend.</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>When you initially installed Slackware, the setup program invoked the <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">netconfig</tt> program. <tt class="COMMAND">netconfig</tt> attempted to
|
||||
perform the following functions for you:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>It asked you for the name of your computer, and the domain name for your computer.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>It gave a brief explanation of the various types of addressing schemes, told when they
|
||||
should be used, and asked you which IP addressing scheme you wished to use to configure
|
||||
your network card:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Static-IP</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>DHCP</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>Loopback</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<br />
|
||||
<br />
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>It then offered to probe for a network card to configure.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">netconfig</tt> will generally take care of about 80% of the work
|
||||
of configuring your LAN network connection if you will let it. Note that I would strongly
|
||||
suggest that you review your config file for a couple of reasons:</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<ol type="1">
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>You should never trust a setup program to properly configure your computer. If you use
|
||||
a setup program, you should review the configuration yourself.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p>If you are still learning Slackware and Linux system management, viewing a working
|
||||
configuration can be helpful. You'll at least know what the configuration should look
|
||||
like. This will allow you to correct problems due to misconfiguration of the system at a
|
||||
later date.</p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="system-configuration-kernel.html"
|
||||
accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="network-configuration-hardware.html"
|
||||
accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Selecting a Kernel</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"> </td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Network Hardware Configuration</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
|
||||
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
|
||||
<title>Making Packages</title>
|
||||
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" />
|
||||
<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="UP" title="Slackware Package Management" href="package-management.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="PREVIOUS" title="Package Utilities"
|
||||
href="package-management-package-utilities.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="NEXT" title="Making Tags and Tagfiles (for setup)"
|
||||
href="package-management-making-tags-and-tagfiles.html" />
|
||||
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body class="SECT1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"
|
||||
alink="#0000FF">
|
||||
<div class="NAVHEADER">
|
||||
<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a
|
||||
href="package-management-package-utilities.html" accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 18 Slackware Package
|
||||
Management</td>
|
||||
<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a
|
||||
href="package-management-making-tags-and-tagfiles.html" accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT1">
|
||||
<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="PACKAGE-MANAGEMENT-MAKING-PACKAGES"
|
||||
name="PACKAGE-MANAGEMENT-MAKING-PACKAGES">18.3 Making Packages</a></h1>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Making Slackware packages can be either easy or difficult. There is no specific method
|
||||
for building a package. The only requirement is that the package be a tar gzipped file
|
||||
and if there is a postinstallation script, it must be <tt
|
||||
class="FILENAME">/install/doinst.sh</tt>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you are interested in making packages for your system or for a network that you
|
||||
manage, you should have a look at the various build scripts in the Slackware source tree.
|
||||
There are several methods we use for making packages.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="PACKAGE-MANAGEMENT-EXPLODEPKG"
|
||||
name="PACKAGE-MANAGEMENT-EXPLODEPKG">18.3.1 <tt class="COMMAND">explodepkg</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">explodepkg</tt>(8) will do the same thing that <tt
|
||||
class="COMMAND">installpkg</tt> does to extract the package, but it doesn't actually
|
||||
install it and it doesn't record it in the packages database. It simply extracts it to
|
||||
the current directory.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>If you look at the Slackware source tree, you will see how we use this command for
|
||||
“framework” packages. These packages contain a skeleton of what the final
|
||||
package will look like. They hold all the necessary filenames (zero-length), permissions,
|
||||
and ownerships. The build script will cat the package contents from the source directory
|
||||
to the package build directory.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="PACKAGE-MANAGEMENT-MAKEPKG"
|
||||
name="PACKAGE-MANAGEMENT-MAKEPKG">18.3.2 <tt class="COMMAND">makepkg</tt></a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p><tt class="COMMAND">makepkg</tt>(8) will package up the current directory into a valid
|
||||
Slackware package. It will search the tree for any symbolic links and add a creation
|
||||
block to the postinstallation script for creating them during the package install. It
|
||||
also warns of any zero-length files in the package tree.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This command is typically run after you have created your package tree.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="SECT2">
|
||||
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="PACKAGE-MANAGEMENT-SLACKBUILD-SCRIPTS"
|
||||
name="PACKAGE-MANAGEMENT-SLACKBUILD-SCRIPTS">18.3.3 SlackBuild Scripts</a></h2>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Slackware packages are built in many different ways by necessity. Not all software
|
||||
packages are written by their programmers to compile the same way. Many have compile time
|
||||
options that are not all included in the packages Slackware uses. Perhaps you need some
|
||||
of this functionality; you'll need to compile your own package then. Fortunately for many
|
||||
Slackware packages, you can find SlackBuild scripts in the package's source code.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>So what is a SlackBuild script? SlackBuild scripts are executable shell scripts that
|
||||
you run as <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt> to configure, compile, and create Slackware
|
||||
packages. You can freely modify these scripts in the source directory and run them to
|
||||
create your own versions of the default Slackware packages.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="NAVFOOTER">
|
||||
<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
|
||||
<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
|
||||
cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a
|
||||
href="package-management-package-utilities.html" accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
|
||||
accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a
|
||||
href="package-management-making-tags-and-tagfiles.html" accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Package Utilities</td>
|
||||
<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="package-management.html"
|
||||
accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
|
||||
<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Making Tags and Tagfiles (for setup)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
|
||||
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