1. General
+Emu48 is an emulator for the Hewlett Packard HP38G, HP39G, + HP40G, HP48SX, HP48GX and HP49G calculator hardware. These calculators + are based on the 1LT8 Clarke (HP48SX) and on the Yorke chip.
+2. Acknowledgements
+First of all a big thank to Sébastien Carlier for publishing + Emu48 v1.0 under the GPL. Without this decision newer versions of the + emulator wouldn't have been possible or ports to other similar + calculators wouldn't have been made. Also a big thank to Jean-Yves + Avenard for his technical assistance in the beginning. Lode Vandevenne + spend the PNG image decoder and finally I want to thank all the + unnamed authors for publishing material about these calculators.
+3. ROM Images
+Emu48 needs an image of a calculator ROM to be able to run. ROM + images are valid in a packed (even address lower nibble, odd address + higher nibble) or unpacked (one nibble per byte with even address first) + form.
+Since fall 2000 the emulator ROM's for the HP38, 39, 40, 48 and 49 + are freely available on different Internet sites. Because there's no + license for the distribution of the ROM images, they aren't included + in the Emu48 package. You can still use the classic way extracting + them from your own calculator. But in mostly all cases you have to + convert the ROM files into the Emu48 ROM format.
+-
+
- HP38
+
To upload the ROM of your HP38G, you will need a special aplet + called "ROM UPLOAD". + Once you've uploaded the ROM, you have to convert it using the + Convert utility.
+To do that, start a Command Prompt while running Windows, and + type:
+Convert <rom-file> ROM.38G
+Where <rom-file> is the path to your ROM image. This will + create a file named ROM.38G. This tool will also check its validity. +
+ - HP39/40
+
To upload the ROM of your HP39G/HP40G, you will need a special aplet + called "ROM UPLOAD". + Once you've uploaded the ROM, you have to convert it using the Rom2emu utility. +
+To do that, start a Command Prompt while running Windows, and + type:
+Rom2emu <rom-file> ROM.39G
+There's also a HP39G/HP40G beta ROM for emulators inside an old + Emu48 package. +
+ - HP48
+
If you have already used another HP48 emulator, you can convert + the ROM using the Convert utility. +
+To do that, start a Command Prompt while running Windows, and + type:
+Convert <rom-file> ROM.48G
+or
+Convert <rom-file> ROM.48S
+Where <rom-file> is the path to your old ROM image. This + will create a file named ROM.48G or ROM.48S, depending on the version + you own. This tool should be able to read any style of ROM image, and + will also check its validity. Note that if you run it with only one + parameter, no file will be written, but it will still check the + validity of the ROM.
+If you have never used an HP48 emulator, and don't have a ROM + dump, you can either use Jean-Yves Avenard's ROMUPL.BIN or the + ROMDump Wizard V1.x, which will almost automatically get the ROM from + your HP48. After the download you may have to convert your dump with + the CONVERT utility into the Emu48 format.
+You can find the latest version of the ROM dump programs on:
++ ROMUPL.BIN + http://www.hpcalc.org/details.php?id=3686
+ ROMDump Wizard + + http://hp.giesselink.com/emu48.htm +
+ - HP49G
+
There's no ROM download program available so far. But you can + create a ROM image with the + UPD49ROM tool + and a + ROM update file for the HP49G calculator. I suggested to use + version 1.19-6 +
+To create a HP49G ROM image file, start a Command Prompt while + running Windows, and type:
+UPD49ROM -f hp49119-6.flash ROM.49G
+This will create a HP49G ROM image file with an empty User + Port 2.
+
4. Installation
+To install Emu48 you may use the installer package which contain, + among the binaries, some HP48 KML scripts or just unzip the emulator + and the required emulator skins from archives into an empty directory. + Finally you have to copy your ROM images into this directory and + adjust the ROM image name to the name used in the corresponding KML + script. When you first run Emu48, it will detect the directory in + which you installed it, and will write the configuration to the + registry at HKCU\Software\Emu48.
+5. How to Start
+When Emu48 is installed and you have put valid KML scripts and the + corresponding ROM image(s) into your Emu48 installation directory, you + can start Emu48. You'll see a "Choose Your KML Script" + box.
+KML scripts in fact define the visual aspect of Emu48, the behavior of + the buttons, of the keyboard, ... It's a GREAT way to customize your copy + of Emu48.
+Check that the path in the "Emu48 Directory" text area is + correct. Modify it if the directory in which you installed Emu48 is not + the directory displayed. Click the refresh button ("V") after + modifying it to update the list box or use the ("...") button to + start the directory browser.
+Choose a KML script in the list box for your calculator ROM you put + into Emu48's directory.
+Several HP48 scripts are included in the Emu48 archive:
+-
+
- Emu48's Default Faceplate for HP48G/GX +
- Emu48's Default Faceplate for HP48S/SX
+
These two are simple scripts, good for 800x600 display + resolution.
+ - Casey's Gx with Toolbar and Touch Screen +
- Casey's Sx with Toolbar and Touch Screen
+
These script uses many advanced features, and is a good + demonstration of the power of Emu48's scripting language KML. + Try it, it is really great!
+ - Floating buttons
+
This one looks really great.
+ - Small but realistic HP48 Gx
+
This one has been designed for small resolutions such as + 640x480. +
+
If you want other great scripts, visit Rechlin's great HP archive +
+And if you are interested in writing new scripts, get the KML 2.0 + documentation from the + authors Emu48 page.
+Once you have selected a script, press OK to start the emulator. In + most cases, when Emu48 crash after pressing the OK button, you are using + an invalid ROM image. While it's running, you can use the View/Change KML + Script... command to change the visual aspect of Emu48.
+6. Command Line
+The command line syntax is "Emu48 [E48file [Port2file]]". + The first parameter sets the filename for the emulation data + independent from the "LastDocument" setting, the second + parameter the Port2 file. You're not able to set a Port 2 file without + setting the emulation data file. The arguments are optional.
+7. Virtual Keyboard
+There are two ways to use the virtual keyboard on the emulated + calculator:
+-
+
- by Mouse +
- by PC keyboard +
+ The easiest way to use the emulated calculator is using the mouse. The KML + script define buttons with an area where mouse input is active. The mouse + cursor change from an arrow to a hand cursor in these areas. The state of + the virtual key follow the state of your left mouse button. When the mouse + cursor leaves the virtual key area the virtual button automatically + release. In some cases you need to press more than one key on the + emulator. For these cases press the virtual key with the right mouse + button. When you release the mouse button or leave the area of the virtual + key, the key is still hold. To release all hold virtual buttons, just use + the left mouse button again. A single release of a hold virtual key isn't + possible.
++ Another convenient way is using the PC keyboard. The KML script language + support a large variety of commands to implement this feature. So keyboard + usage depends on your used KML script and not on the emulator. Because of + this it's impossible to say what's happen when you press a key on the PC + keyboard. For further details read the KML 2.0 documentation mentioned + before please.
+8. File Menu
+8.1 New...
+Creates a new emulation session. You're asked for a new KML script + where you can select the calculator type and skin to emulate.
+8.2 Open...
+Opens an existing emulation session. The emulation continues at the + same position where the loaded session was aborted. Loading emulation + sessions made with a different ROM revision may destroy the memory + content or may cause other unpredictable results.
+8.3 Save
+Saves the current running session with the actual name.
+8.4 Save As...
+Saves the current running session with a new name. You're also get in + this dialog when you Exit a new session without a state file name.
+8.5 Close
+Closes the current session without closing the emulator.
+8.6 Settings
+This calls the Settings dialog. This dialog has three tabs: + General, Memory and Peripheral.
+8.6.1 Settings General
+8.6.1.1 Section General
+-
+
- Authentic Calculator Speed
+
When this option is checked, the emulation speed will be similar + to the real calculator depending on the RATE control register + content.
+ - Enable Virtual LCD Delay
+
Try this option for a better 4 color gray scale display simulation + output.
+ - Always On Top
+
When this option is checked, the emulator window will always be the + topmost one.
+ - Activation Follows Mouse
+
This option enables a X-Mouse style windows activation. When the + mouse is moved over the emulator window, the emulator is getting the + focus and popping up into foreground.
+ - Single Instance
+
When this option is checked, the program is only allowed to run in + a single instance. If another running instance is detected, the detected + instance is set into foreground as active window and get a request to + change his state file to the given one by the current instance. Finally + the current instance is terminated.
+ - Automatically Save Files
+
When this option is checked, the current state file will automatically + saved when you change to another state file, but not when you close the + emulator program.
+ - Automatically Save Files On Exit
+
When this option is checked, the current state file will be saved + automatically at the end when the emulator program is closed.
+ - Show Load Object Warning
+
When this option is checked, you'll get a warning message box when you + try to load an object with the Load Object... menu command. If + this option is unchecked, the warning will be skipped.
+ - Always Show KML Compilation Result
+
When this option is checked, you see the results of the KML + (Keyboard Macro Language) interpreter at every KML script load.
+
8.6.1.2 Section Style
+-
+
- Show Title
+
When this option is checked, the window title bar is visible.
+ - Show Menu
+
When this option is checked, the menu bar is enabled. If unchecked, + the menu is accessible as context menu in the client area outside the + calculator button definitions.
+
8.6.1.3 Section Disassembler
+Choosing the assembler syntax:
+-
+
- HP Mnemonics
+
This is the standard syntax used by HP.
+ - Class Mnemonics
+
Class (Clarke assembler) was written by Lutz Vieweg in 1991, at a time + when HP had not published their own development tools. The syntax is very + similar to the AG and STAR mnemonics used at this time. Especially + published assembler programs written for the HP28S use the similar AG + syntax.
+
8.6.2 Settings Memory
+8.6.2.1 Section Memory Cards
+-
+
- Port 1 is Plugged
+
When this option is checked, a 128 KB RAM card is emulated in card + Port 1. The RAM card content is saved in the current emulator state + file.
+ - Port 1 is Writeable
+
When this option is checked, the RAM card in card Port 1 is + writable else the card is Read-Only by simulating the card write + protect switch.
+ - Port 2 is Shared
+
When this option is unchecked, only the first instance of Emu48 + will allow you to use the RAM card in Port 2. When this option is + checked, the first instance of Emu48 will give you both read and + write access to this RAM card. If you start Emu48 in another + instance, the RAM card in Port 2 will be write-protected. Thus you + can transfer files very easily between two calculators. This RAM card + is used by both S/SX and G/GX types.
+ - Port 2 is Writeable
+
This option represents the actual read/write state of the Port 2 + file. Changing the option will also change the state for the + calculator by modifying the Read-Only attribute of the file.
+ - Port 2 File
+
You can add a RAM card of up to 4MB to a HP48. By default, no such + card will be created when you start Emu48. The MkShared.exe utility + will allow you to create one. To create a Port 2 RAM Card, call the + program, select the RAM Card size, enter the card file name and press + the 'Create' button. That's it. Please remember, this program replace + the destination file without any request!
+If you already have a Port 2 card file in unpacked format, you + have to copy the file into the emulator directory. If you choose a + different directory you have to use a full path file name.
+If you use RAM cards greater than 128 KB in a HP48SX, you can only + see the first 128 KB of the card. Please remember, the firmware of + all HP48GX versions has a bug when using a 4 MB RAM card. You always + get the message "Warning: Invalid Card Data" at startup + and Port 33 is inaccessible. This is not a bug of the emulator!
+When you have created or copied the file, enter the card file + name into the Port 2 File edit box.
+Please remember, all port configuration changes mostly behave + like on the original calculator. This means when you do this changes + with the emulated calculator on, it's the same like when you do this + with a real calculator on. In many times, this depends on the current + state of the calculator, this will work without any problems by doing + an automatically calculator warmstart. But for the most secure way, + switch off the emulated calculator first, please!
+
8.6.3 Settings Peripheral
+8.6.3.1 Section Sound
+A new implementation of the sound engine made ROM patches for sound + output obsolete. The new sound engine emulates the behavior of the beeper + output ports and only work in connection with a sound card. Using the + internal PC speaker isn't possible any more. The old beeper method with a + ROM patch is still working but deprecated, it's strongly recommended to + remove all beep patches from your current KML scripts to enable the new + sound engine. The support of the old sound implementation by a ROM patch + maybe removed in later versions of the emulator and remaining beep + patches will corrupt the ROM with an illegal opcode then. +
++ For the sound generation the calculator must know his own CPU strobe + frequency. On the real calculator the speed depends on various settings + like component tolerances, actual temperature, humidity and other + variables. The resulting speed is measured by the calculator firmware + at a cold- or at a warmstart and stored in the =CSPEED variable. The + content of this calculator variable has direct influence on the + resulting frequency and duration. On the emulator the HP48SX CPU + strobe frequency is set by the registry key + HKCU\Software\Emu48\Emulator\SXCycles, for all other + calculators at HKCU\Software\Emu48\Emulator\GXCycles. + For some reasons the CPU cycles are only estimated and so the + strobe frequency value in the registry is not the exact CPU strobe + frequency of the calculator in Hz divided by 16384 like in the + other emulators. Because older versions of the emulator were not + able to measure the CPU strobe frequency properly or the strobe + frequency registry content has been changed since the last + measurement, the =CSPEED variable of this session file may contain + a wrong frequency value. You easily may discover this by measuring + the real duration of a 10s beep. Is the difference to 10s less + than 1s everything is ok, if not, you should perform a + warmstart of the calculator in this + session file. Alternatively you may execute a + Reset Calculator. This recalls the measuring + routine and save the result in the speed variable. Both restart + variants purge the stack content! +
+-
+
- Volume
+
The output volume can be selected with the Volume slider relative to + the Master Volume control. +
+ - Device
+
By default the sound device is set to "Standard Audio", but + you can also manually choose the output device. The device name is + somehow cut since Window Vista, but the method of reading the device + name is used for backwards compatibility to older versions of the + Operating System. When you change the Standard Audio device in the + Operating System settings dialog, the internal device numbering may + change, and so the manually selected audio device.
+
8.6.3.2 Section Infrared Printer
+The emulator has the ability to print data to a HP82240A/B printer + simulation. The data transfer to the printer simulator is done over UDP. + In this section you can the define the IPv4 address and the port the + printer simulator is listening. A suitable HP82240B printer simulation can + be found here.
+8.6.3.3 Section Serial Ports
+-
+
- Wire
+
In the Wire combo box you can select the COM port device connected + to the wire port of the calculator.
+ - Ir
+
In the Ir combo box you can select the COM port device connected + to the IR port of the calculator. Please remember that the IR port + only work with 2400 baud.
+
8.7 Exit
+Quit emulation. The default actions at finishing are defined in the + Settings dialog. If the current session is + "Untitled" you are asked for a session file name using the + Save As... dialog. If you quit the emulator + without a given filename, you're asked for choosing a KML script at + next startup.
+9. Edit Menu
+9.1 Load Object...
+This is only valid for the HP48SX, HP48GX and the HP49G emulation. + You can load HP48 and HP49G binary objects to stack level 1. Therefore + the object must begin with "HPHP48-x" for a HP48 or with + "HPHP49-x" for a HP49G binary object where x can be any + alphanumeric character. If the binary header isn't present, the object + is loaded as string. Dropping HP objects over the emulator window will + also load objects. Be sure that the emulator isn't busy before doing + this.
+9.2 Save Object...
+This is only valid for the HP48SX, HP48GX and the HP49G emulation. + Save the current object in stack level 1 as binary object to disk.
+9.3 Copy Screen
+Copy the screen content as bitmap to the clipboard.
+9.4 Copy Stack
+This is only valid for the HP48SX, HP48GX and the HP49G emulation.
+Copy a "Real Number", "Complex Number" or + "String" object in stack level 1 to the clipboard. On all + other objects, the command will be ignored. This prevents sending + binary objects to the clipboard.
+The decimal point (radix mark) of "Real Numbers" in the + clipboard is equal to the calculator setting. This point maybe + important when you try to paste the numbers into a program using the + locale settings of the host operating system.
+9.5 Paste Stack
+This is only valid for the HP48SX, HP48GX and the HP49G emulation.
+Paste the text field content of the clipboard to stack level 1 of + the emulated calculator. If the clipboard content is representing a + real number, the number will be saved as "Real Number" + object. Is the content a complex number object, the number will be + saved as "Complex Number" object, in all other cases as + "String" object.
+To import "Real or Complex Numbers" from the clipboard, + the decimal point (radix mark) of the clipboard and calculator + must be equal. A real or complex number is only detected in the + case of valid real number characters in the clipboard. Especially + heading and tailing white spaces aren't valid number characters + also.
+Complex numbers must be in the form (a,b) when using the + point radix mark or in the form (a;b) when using the comma + radix mark. The Cartesian or algebraic form a+bi is not + supported.
+9.6 Reset Calculator
+This emulates the Reset pin of the internal CPU.
+9.7 Backup
+9.7.1 Backup Save
+This saves the current emulator status into a backup slot. If the + backup slot already contain data, it will be overwritten.
+9.7.2 Backup Restore
+This restores a previous saved emulator status without request. If you + changed the calculator model meanwhile, the emulator will switch back to + the old model.
+9.7.3 Backup Delete
+This deletes the data in the backup slot.
+10. View Menu
+10.1 Change KML Script...
+This allows you to change the skin of the current emulated calculator. + In opposite to the New... command you see only scripts emulating the same + calculator model.
+11. Tools Menu
+11.1 Disassembler...
+This is a simple disassembler.
+Enter the address to disassemble in hexadecimal into the "Address + (HEX)" field and press <Return>. With the "Next Address" + button the next opcode is disassembled. With the "Copy Data" button + you can copy all selected lines inside the list box to the clipboard.
+11.2 Debugger...
+The assembler code debugger of the emulator. For more details refer to the + extra documentation of the debugger please.
+11.3 Macro
+The keyboard macro recorder unit.
+11.3.1 Macro Record...
+Prompts a dialog to enter the macro file for the data to record. After + accepting the confirm message, every key event is recorded into the macro + file with it's time information.
+11.3.2 Macro Play...
+Prompts a dialog box to ask for the keyboard macro file to play. The + replay starts immediately after selecting the file.
+11.3.3 Macro Stop
+Stops recording or replaying a keyboard macro file.
+11.3.4 Macro Settings...
+Settings for the Macro Replay mode
+-
+
- Real
+
Replay macro with the original recording speed.
+ - Manual
+
Replay macro with the speed set by the speed slider.
+
12. Help Menu
+12.1 Help Topics
+Call this document.
+12.2 About Emu48...
+The version, copyright and license message...
+13. DDE Server
+Emu48 has an integrated DDE server to transmit data from and to the HP + stack. Because only the HP48 and HP49 have a stack, all DDE transfers + are ignored on the other calculators. You have the same restrictions like + with the commands "Load object..." and "Save + Object...", that a running program may corrupt memory. In difference + you can choose the stack level for the transfer in the DDE item field. + Take care to transmit data only after the acknowledge of the last DDE + transaction.
+Technical data:
+| Servicename: | +Emu48 | +
| Topicname: | +Stack | +
| Item: | +1 (stack level) | +
| Clipboardformat: | +"CF_HPOBJ" (user defined) | +
The DDE commands CONNECT, POKE and REQUEST are supported.
+The structure of the clipboard format "CF_HPOBJ":
+| 4 Byte (length of object, LSB first) | +HP object (normal HP object) | +
14. License
+Emu48 - A HP38G/39G/40G/48SX/48GX/49G Emulator
+ Copyright (C) 2018 Christoph Gießelink
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it + under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free + Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) + any later version.
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY + or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License + for more details.
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along + with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., + 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+