db48x/help/db50x.md

Overview

DB50X on DM32

The DB50X project intends to rebuild and improve the user experience of the legendary HP48 family of calculators, notably their "Reverse Polish Lisp" (RPL) language with its rich set of data types and built-in functions.

This project is presently targeting the SwissMicro DM32 calculator and leveraging its built-in software platform, known as DMCP. This is presumably the calculator you are currently running this software on.

Table of contents

• Using the on-line help
• State of the project
• Design overview
• Keyboard interaction
• Soft menus
• Differences with other RPLs
• Built-in help
• Acknowledgements and credits

State of the project

This is currently UNSTABLE software. Please only consider installing this if you are a developer and interested in contributing. Please refer to the web site of the project on GitHub for details and updates.

Design overview

The objective is to re-create an RPL-like experience, but to optimize it for the existing DM32 physical hardware. The DM32 keyboard layout is really different compared to the DB50X expected layout. For example, the DM32 does not have unshifted arrow keys, and has two shift keys. For that reason, when running DB50X on a DM32, it is highly recommended to use a keyboard overlay.

Compared to the original HP48, the DM32 has a much larger screen, but no annunciators (it is a fully bitmap screen). It has a keyboard with dedicated soft-menu (function) keys, but no arrow keys (whereas the HP48 has four), lacks a dedicated alpha key, and has no space key (SPC on the HP48).

Keyboard interaction

The keyboard differences force us to revisit the user interaction with the calculator compared to the HP48:

• When running DB50X on the DM32, the blue shift key cycles between three states, Shift (shown in the documentation as 🟨), Right Shift (shown in the documentation as 🟦) and no shift. The physical yellow shift key is actually used as a down/right cursor key, and will be shown as ▶︎ in the rest of this document. Similarly, the XEQ key is used as an up/left cursor key, and will be shown as ◀︎ in the rest of this document. This remapping of keys appears necessary because RPL calculators like the HP48 are command-line oriented and absolutely need at least two unshifted cursor keys. Sacrificing a physical shift key while preserving two shifted function seems like the best compromise.

• A first press on the shift key is shown as 🟨 in the documentation, and activates functions shown in yellow in the keyboard overlay. A second press is shown as 🟦 in the documentation, and activates functions shown in blue in the keyboard overlay. On the screen, the shift state is indicated in the header area. When a soft menu is visible on the screen, the selected row of functions is highlighed.

• Since RPL uses alphabetic entry (also called Alpha mode) a lot more frequently than on RPN models like the HP41 or HP42, making it quickly accessible seems important, so there are three distinct ways to activate it.

• Using 🟨 ◀︎ and 🟨 ▶︎ moves the cursor up and down. When not editing, ▶︎ and ▶︎ behave like ▲ and ▼ on the HP48, i.e. ◀︎ enters the interactive stack (not yet implemented) and ▶︎ edits the object on the first level of the stack.

• Long-pressing arrow keys, the ← (also known as Backspace) or text entry keys in Alpha mode activates auto-repeat.

• Long-pressing keys that would directly trigger a function (e.g. SIN), including function keys associated with a soft-menu, will show up the built-in help for the corresponding function.

Alpha mode

Entering alphabetic characters is done using Alpha mode. These alphabetic characters are labeled on the right of each key on the DM32's keyboard.

When Alpha mode is active, an ABC indicator shows up in the annunciator area at the top of the screen. For lowercase entry, the indicator changes to abc.

There are three ways to enter Alpha mode:

• The first method is to use 🟨 ENTER as indicated by the ALPHA yellow label on the DM32 ENTER key. This cycles between Alpha ABC, Lowercase abc and Normal entry modes.

• The second method is to hold 🟨 for more than half a second. This cycles between Alpha ABC and Normal entry modes, and cannot be used to type lowercase characters.

• The third method is to hold one of the arrow keys ◀︎ or ▶︎ while typing on the keyboard. This is called transient alpha mode because Alpha mode ends as soon as the arrow key is released. Using ◀︎ enters uppercase characters, while ▶︎ uses lowercase characters.

There is no equivalent of the HP48's "single-Alpha" mode. Alpha mode is either transient (when you hold one of the arrow keys) or sticky (with 🟨 ENTER or by holding 🟨).

Alpha mode is cancelled when pressing ENTER or EXIT.

Since the DM32's alphabetic keys overlap with the numeric keys (unlike the HP48), as well as with operations such as × and ÷, using 🟨 in Alpha mode brings back numbers. This means 🟨 cannot be used for lowercase, but as indicated above, there are two other methods to enter lowercase characters.

Using 🟨 or 🟦 in combination with keys other than the numeric keypad gives a variety of special characters.

Key mapping

Using DB50X with the DM32 is quite difficult without a keyboard overlay.

In particular, an unfortunate difference between the DM32 and the keyboard layout used by DB50X is that the placement of all letters after M is shifted by one position on the keyboard, and the first row of scientific functions (starting with square root and ending with Σ+) is inconsistent. The reason is that the layout for DB50X is heavily based on the DM-42 model.

Also, while the DM32 has two shift keys, a blue and a yellow one, it lacks dedicated cursor movement arrow keys, a limitation that is visible in the calculator's firmware menus. While the two arrow shift keys would be welcome, not having arrow keys for cursor movement is just not an option. As a result, only the blue shift key is kept as a shift key, and the yellow shift key is converted to an arrow key, along with the DM32 XEQ key.

In the rest of this document, the shift key is referred to as 🟨, and pressing it twice is referred to as 🟦, irrespective of the appearance of the physical shift key on your particular hardware.

DB50X keyboard overlays for SwissMicros calculators are already available.

Soft menus

The DM32 has 6 dedicated soft-menu keys at the top of the keyboard. Most of the advanced features of DB50X can be accessed through these soft menus. Soft menu keys have no label on the physical calculator, but in this documentation, they may sometimes be referred to as F1 through F6.

Menus are organized internally as a hierarchy, where menus can refer to other menus. A special menu, MainMenu, accessible via the 🟦 Σ+, contains all other menus.

Menus can contain up to 18 entries at once, 6 being directly accessible, 6 more being shown when using the 🟨 key, and 6 more with 🟦. Three rows of functions are shown on screen, with the active row highlighted.

A long press on a function key invokes the on-line help for the associated function.

When a menu contains more than 18 entries, then the F6 function key turns into a ▶︎, and 🟨 F6 turns into ◀︎. These keys can be used to navigate across the available menu entries. This replaces the NXT and PREV keys on HP calculators.

The VariablesMenu (RCL key) is special in the sense that:

• Selecting an entry evaluates that menu entry, for example to run a program

• The 🟨 function recalls its name without evaluating it.

• The 🟦 function stores into the variable.

Differences with other RPLs

Multiple implementations of RPL exist, most of them from Hewlett-Packard. A good reference to understand the differences between the various existing implementations from HP is the HP50G Advanced User's Reference Manual.

There are a number of intentional differences in design between DB50X and the HP48, HP49 or HP50G's implementations of RPL. There are also a number of unintentional differences, since the implementation is completely new.

User interface

• DB50X features an extensive built-in help system, which you are presently using. Information for that help system is stored using a regular markdown file named /HELP/DB50X.md, stored in the calculator's flash storage.

• DB50X features auto-completion for commands while typing, through the Catalog key (CatalogMenu).

• Many RPL words exist in short and long form, and a user preference selects how a program shows. For example, the Negate command, which the HP48 calls NEG, can display, based on user preferences, as NEG, neg, Neg or Negate. In the help, it will be shown as Negate (NEG).

• The DB50X dialect of RPL is not case sensitive, but it is case-respecting. For example, if your preference is to display built-in functions in long form, typing inv or INV will show up as Invert in the resulting program. This means that the space of "reserved words" is larger in DB50X than in other RPL implementations. Notably, on HP's implementations, DUP is a keyword but you can use DuP as a valid variable name. This is not possible in DB50X.

Representation of objects

• Internally, the calculator deals with various representations for numbers. Notably, it keeps integer values and fractions in exact form for as long as possible to optimize both performance and memory usage. This is somewhat similar to what the HP49 and HP50 implemented, where there is a difference between 2 (where TYPE returns 28) and 2. (where TYPE return 0).

• The calculator features at least 3 floating-point precisions using 32-bit, 64-bit and 128-bit respectively, provided by the DMCP's existing Intel Binary Decimal Floating-Point library. The 128-bit format gives the calculator 34 significant digits of precision, like the DM32. DB50X may support other formats in the future, like the arbitrary-precision floating-point found in newRPL.

• Based numbers with an explicit base, like #123h keep their base, which makes it possible to show on stack binary and decimal numbers side by side. Mixed operations convert to the base in stack level X, so that #10d #A0h + evaluates as #AAh. Based numbers without an explicit base change base depending on the Base setting, much like based numbers on the HP48.

• The storage of data in memory uses a denser format than on the HP48. Therefore, objects will almost always use less space on DB50X. Notably, the most frequently used functions and data types consume only one byte on DB50X, as opposed to 5 nibbles (2.5 bytes) on the HP48.

• Numerical equality can be tested with =, whereas object equality is tested using ==. For example, 0=0.0 is true, but 0==0.0 is false, because 0 is an integer whereas 0.0 is a floating-point.

Alignment with the DM32

• DB50X borrows to the DM32 the idea of special variables, which are variables with a special meaning. For example, the Precision special variable is the current operating precision for floating point, in number of digits. While there is a SetPrecision command, it is also possible to use 'Precision' STO. This does not imply that there is an internal Precision variable somewhere. Special variables are available for most settings.

• All built-in soft-key menus are named, with names ending in Menu. For example, the VariablesMenu is the menu listing global variables in the current directory. There is no menu number, but the Menu special variable holds the name of the current menu, and LastMenu the name of the previous one.

• The DB50X also provides full-screen setup menus, taking advantage of the DM32 existing system menus. It is likely that the same menu objects used for softkey menus will be able to control system menus, with a different function to start the interaction.

• The whole banking and flash access storage mechanism of the HP48 will be replaced with a system that works well with FAT USB storage. It should be possible to directly use a part of the flash storage to store RPL programs, either in source or compiled form.

List operation differences

The application of a same operation on arrays or matrices has never been very consistent nor logical across RPL models from HP.

• On HP48 and HP50, { 1 2 3 } 4 + gives {1 2 3 4}. However, { 1 2 3} 4 * gives a type error on the HP48 but applies the operation to list elements on the HP50, yielding { 4 8 12}.

• For arrays, [ 1 2 3 ] 4 + fails on both the HP48 and HP50, but [ 1 2 3 ] 4 * works.

• The HP50 has a MAP function, which works both for list and matrices. [ 1 2 3 ] « 3 + » will return [ 4 5 6 ], and { 1 2 3 } « 3 * » will return { 3 6 9 }. That function has no direct equivalent on the HP48.

DB50X considers lists as bags of items and treat them as a whole when it makes sense, whereas arrays are focusing more on the values they contain, and will operate on these items when it makes sense. Therefore:

• { 1 2 3 } 4 + gives { 1 2 3 4 }, { 1 2 3 } 2 - gives { 1 3 } (not yet implemented), and { 1 2 3 } 3 × gives { 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 }. The ÷ operator is equivalent to the ListDivide function, and partitions a list in chunks of the given size and returns the number of partitions so generated (the last partition being possibly shorter), i.e. { 1 2 3 4 5 } 2 ÷ will generate {1 2} {3 4} {5} 3 on the stack (this is not yet implemented).

• [ 1 2 3 ] 4 + gives [ 5 6 7 ], [ 1 2 3 ] 2 - gives [ -1 0 1 ], [ 1 2 3 ] 3 × gives [ 3 6 9 ] and [ 1 2 3 ] 5 ÷ gives [ 1/5 2/5 3/5 ].

Vectors and matrices differences

• On DB50X, vectors like [ 1 2 3 ] are very similar to lists. The primary difference is the behavior in the presence of arithmetic operators. On lists, addition is concatenation, e.g. { 1 2 3} { 4 5 6} + is { 1 2 3 4 5 6 }, whereas on vectors represents vector addition, e.g. [1 2 3] [4 5 6] + is [5 7 9]. However, unlike on the HP original implementation, a vector can contain any type of object, so that you can do [ "ABC" "DEF" ] [ "GHI" "JKL" ] + and obtain [ "ABCGHI" "DEFJKL" ].

• Size enforcement on vectors only happens during these operations, not while you enter vectors from the command line. It is legal in DB50X to have a non-rectangular array like [[1 2 3] [4 5]], or even an array with mixed objects like [ "ABC" 3 ]. Size or type errors on such objects may occur if/when arithmetic operations are performed.

• In particular, a matrix is nothing but a vector of vectors. DB50X also supports arrays with dimensions higher than 2, like [[[1 2 3]]].

• As a consequence, The GET and GETI functions work differently on matrices. Consider a matrix like [[ 7 8 9 ][ 4 5 6 ][ 1 2 3 ]]. On the HP48, running 1 GET on this object gives 7, and the valid range of index values is 1 through 9. On DB50X, that object is considered as an array of vectors, so 1 GET returns [7 8 9]. This is intentional. The behavior of { 1 1 } GET is identical on both platforms, and is extended to multi-dimensional arrays, so that [[[4 5 6]]] { 1 1 2 } GET returns 5.

• Matrices and vectors can contain integer values or fractions. This is closer to the HP50G implementation than the HP48's. In some cases, this leads to different results between the implementations. If you compute the inverse of [[1 2 3][4 5 6][7 8 9] on the HP48, you get a matrix with large values, and the HP48 finds a small, but non-zero determinant for that matrix. The HP50G produces a matrix with infinities. DB50X by default produces a Divide by zero error.

• DB50X accept matrices and vectors as input to algebraic functions, and returns a matrix or vector with the function applied to all elements. For example, [a b c] sin returns [ 'sin a' 'sin b' 'sin c' ].

• Similarly, DB50X accept operations between a constant and a vector or matrix. This applies the same binary operation to all components of the vector or matrix. [ a b c ] x + returns [ 'a+x' 'b+x' 'c+x' ]. Consistent with that logic, inv works on vectors, and inverts each component, so that [1 2 3] inv gives [1/1 1/2 1/3].

Equations handling differences

• The DB50X dialect of RPL accepts equations with "empty slots". During equation evaluation, the value of these empty slots will be taken from the stack. In the equation, a slot is represented as ().

• For example, the equation ()+sin(cos()) will read two values from the stack. If evaluated in a stack that contains A and B, it will evaluate a A+sin(cos(B)).

• This feature is an accident of implementation. It is recommended to use local variables to more precisely control where stack input is used in the equation. Ideally, you should write the above equation as → a b 'a+sin(cos(b))' if you want better compatibility with other RPL implementations.

Unicode support

DB50X has almost complete support for Unicode, and stores text internally using the UTF-8 encoding. The built-in font has minor deviations in appearance for a few RPL-specific glyphs.

Overall, a text file produced by DB50X should appear reliably in your favorite text editor, which should normally be GNU Emacs. This is notably the case for state files with extension .48S which you can find in the STATE directory on the calculator.

Help

The DB50X project includes an extensive built-in help, which you are presently reading. This help is stored as a HELP/DB50X.md file on the calculator. You can also read it from a web browser directly on the GitHub page of the project.

The Help command makes it possible to access the built-in help in a contextual way. It is Bound to 🟦 +. If the first level of the stack contains a text corresponding to a valid help topic, this topic will be shown in the help viewer. Otherwise, a help topic corresponding to the type of data in the stack will be selected.

The DB50X help viewer works roughly similarly to the DM32's, but with history tracking and the ability to directly access help about a given function by holding a key for more than half a second.

To navigate the help on the calculator, use the following keys:

• The soft menu keys at the top of the keyboard, references as F1 through F6, correspond to the functions shown in the six labels at the bottom of the screen.

• While the help is shown, the keys ◀︎ and ▶︎ on the keyboard scroll through the text.

• The F1 key returns to the Home (overview).

• The F2 and F3 keys (labels Page▲ and Page▼) scroll the text one full page at a time.

• The F4 and F5 keys (labels Link▲ and Link▼) select the previous and next link respectively. The keys ÷ and 9 also select the previous link, while the keys × and 3 can also be used to select the next link.

• The F6 key correspond to the ←Menu label, and returns one step back in the help history. The ← key achieves the same effect.

• To follow a highlighted link, click on the ENTER key.

Acknowledgements and credits

DB50X is Free Software, see the LICENSE file for details. You can obtain the source code for this software at the following URL: https://github.com/c3d/DB50X-on-DM32.

Authors

This software is (C) 2022-2023 Christophe de Dinechin and the DB50X team.

Additional contributors to the project include:

• Camille Wormser
• Jeff, aka spiff72

The authors would like to acknowledge

• Hewlett and Packard
• The Maubert Team
• Museum of HP calculators
• HPCalc
• The newRPL project
• The WP43 and C47 projects
• SwissMicro's DMCP
• Intel Decimal Floating-Point Math Library v2.2

This work was placed by Christophe de Dinechin under the patronage of Carlo Acutis

Hewlett and Packard

Hand-held scientific calculators changed forever when Hewlett and Packard asked their engineers to design and produce the HP35, then again when their company introduced the first programmable hand-held calculator with the HP65, and finally when they introduced the RPL programming language with the HP28.

Christophe de Dinechin, the primary author of DB50X, was lucky enough to meet both Hewlett and Packard in person, and this was a truly inspiring experience. Launching the Silicon Valley is certainly no small achievement, but this pales in comparison to bringing RPN and RPL to the world.

The Maubert Team

Back in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a team of young students with a passion for HP calculators began meeting on a regular basis at or around a particular electronics shop in Paris called "Maubert Electronique", exchanging tips about how to program the HP28 or HP48 in assembly language or where to get precious technical documentation.

It started with Paul Courbis, who carefully reverse-engineered and documented the internals of RPL calculators, encouraging his readers to boldly cut open these wonderful little machines to solder IR receivers acting as makeshift PC connection tools, or to waste countless hours debugging video games.

There were more serious efforts as well, notably the HP48 Metakernel, which completely reinvented the HP48 user interface, making it both much faster and better. It is fair to see DB50X as a distant descendent from such efforts. The Metakernel was the work of many now well-known names in the HP community, such as Cyrille de Brébisson, Jean-Yves Avenard, Gerald Squelart and Étienne de Foras. Many of these early heroes would go on to actually change the history of Hewlett-Packard calculators for the better.

The original author of DB50X, Christophe de Dinechin, was part of this loose team, focusing on cross-development tools, which he used at the time to write several games for the HP48, notably PacMan or Lemmings clones. If DB50X exists, it's largely because of that community.

HP Museum

The HP Museum not only extensively documents the history of RPN and RPL calcuators, it also provides a very active forum for calculator enthusiasts all over the world.

HPCalc

Much of the work from early enthusiasts can still be found on hpcalc.org to this day.

Back in the 1990s, long before Internet was widely available, HP48 programs were busily swapped over floppy disks, or propagated from machine to machine using the built-in infrared ports. This may have been the first case of large-scale viral distribution of software. This is probably the reason why all this software. which originated from all over the world, can still be downloaded and used today.

newRPL project

newRPL is a project initiated by Claudio Lapilli to implement a native version of RPL, initially targeting ARM-based HP calculators such as the HP50G.

DB50X inherits many ideas from newRPL, including, but not limited to:

• Implementing RPL natively for ARM CPUs
• Adding indicators in the cursor to indicate current status
• Integrating a catalog of functions to the command line

A first iteration of DB50X started as a branch of newRPL, although the current implementation had to restart from scratch due to heavy space constraints on the DM32.

WP43 and C47 projects

The DB50X took several ideas and some inspiration from the WP43 and C47 projects.

Walter Bonin initiated the WP43 firwmare for the DM32 as a "superset of the legendary HP42S RPN Scientific".

C47 (initially called C43) is a variant of that firmware initiated by Jaco Mostert, which focuses on compatibility with the existing DM32, notably with respect to keyboard layout.

DB50X borrowed at least the following from these projects:

• The very idea of writing a new firmware for the DM32
• The idea of converting standard Unicode TrueType fonts into bitmaps (with some additional contributions from newRPL)
• How to recompute the CRC for QSPI images so that the DM32 loads them, thanks to Ben Titmus
• At least some aspects of the double-shift logic and three-level menus
• The original keyboard layout template and styling, with special thanks to DA MacDonald.

SwissMicros DMCP

SwissMicros offers a range of RPN calculators that emulate well-known models from Hewlett-Packard. This includes the DM32, which is currently the primary target for the DB50X firmware.

Special thanks and kudos to Michael Steinmann and his team for keeping the shining spirit of HP RPN calculators alive.

The DM32 version of the DB50X software relies on SwissMicro's DMCP SDK, which is released under the following BSD 3-Clause License:

Copyright (c) 2015-2022, SwissMicros All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

• Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

• Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

• Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

Intel Decimal Floating-Point Math

Floating-point computations in DB50X take advantage of Intel's decimal floating-point math library, which is released with the following end-user license agreement:

Copyright (c) 2018, Intel Corp.

All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

• Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

• Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, his list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

• Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.

IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

Introduction to RPL

The original RPL (Reverse Polish Lisp) programming language was designed and implemented by Hewlett Packard for their calculators from the mid-1980s until 2015 (the year the HP50g was discontinued). It is based on older calculators that used RPN (Reverse Polish Notation). Whereas RPN had a limited stack size of 4, RPL has a stack size only limited by memory and also incorporates programmatic concepts from the Lisp programming language.

The first implementation of RPL accessible by the user was on the HP28C, circa 1987, which had an HP Saturn processor. More recent implementations (e.g., HP49, HP50g) run through a Saturn emulation layer on an ARM based processor. These ARM-based HP calculators would be good targets for a long-term port of DB50X.

DB50X is a fresh implementation of RPL on ARM, initially targetting the SwissMicros DM32 calculator. This has implications on the design of this particular implementation of RPL.

The RPL stack

The RPL stack can grow arbitrarily in size.

By convention, and following RPN usage, this document gives the names X, Y, Z and T to the first four levels of the stack. This is used to describe the operations on the stack with synthetic stack diagrams showing the state of the stack before and after the operation.

For example, the addition of two objects in levels 1 and 2 with the result deposited in stack level 1 can be described in synthetic form using the following stack diagram:

Y X ▶ Y+X

The duplication

Algebraic mode

Unlike earlier RPN calculators, RPL includes complete support for algebraic objects written using the standard precedence rules in mathematics. In RPL, algebraic expressions are placed between ticks. For example, '2+3×5' will evaluate as 17: the multiplication 3×5, giving 15, is performed before the addition 2+15, which gives 17.

Algebraic expressions are not evaluated automatically. The R/S key (bound to the Evaluate function) will compute their value.

Integers

The DB50X version of RPL distinguishes between integer values, like 123, and decimal values, like 123. Integer values are represented internally in a compact and efficient format, saving memory and making computations faster. All values between -127 and 127 can be stored in two bytes. All values between -16383 and 16383 in three bytes.

Integers can be as large as memory permits.

Big integers

The DB50X version of RPL can perform computations on arbitrarily large integers, limited only by available memory, enabling for example the exact computation of 100! and making it possible to address problems that require exact integer computations, like exploring the Syracuse conjecture.

Decimal numbers

Decimal numbers are used to represent values with a fractional part. DB50X supports three decimal numbers, using the 32-bit, 64-bit and 128-bit binary decimal representation. In memory, all decimal numbers use one additional byte: a 32-bit decimal number uses 5 bytes, a 128-bit binary decimal number uses 17 bytes.

The 32-bit format offers a 7 digits mantissa and has a maximum exponent of 96. The 64-bit format offers a 16 digits mantissa and has a maximum exponent of 384. The 128-bit format offers a 34 digits mantissa and a maximum exponent of 6144.

The Precision command selects the default precision.

Note that a future implementation of DB50X is expected to feature variable-precision decimal numbers similar to newRPL.

Based numbers

Based numbers are used to perform computations in any base. The most common bases used in computer science, 2, 8, 10 and 16, have special shortcuts. The Bases Menu list operations on based numbers.

Like integers, based numbers can be arbitrary large. However, operations on based numbers can be truncated to a specific number of bits using the STWS command. This makes it possible to perform computations simulating a 16-bit or 256-bit processor.

Complex numbers

Complex numbers can be represented in rectangular form or polar form. The rectangular form will show as something like 2+3ⅈ on the display, where 2 is the real part and 3 is the imaginary part. The polar form will show as something like 1∡90° on the display, where 1 is the modulus and 90° is the argument. The two forms can be mixed and matched in operations. The calculator typically selects the most efficient form for a given operation.

Available operations on complex numbers include basic arithmetic, trigonometric, logarithms, exponential and hyperbolic functions, as well as a few specific functions such as conj or arg. These functions are available in the Complex Menu.

Equations

Algebraic expressions and equations are represented between quotes, for example X+1 or A+B=C. Many functions such as circular functions, exponential, logs or hyperbolic functions can apply to algebraic expressions.

Lists

Lists are sequence of items between curly braces, such as { 1 'A' "Hello" }. They can contain an arbitrary number of elements, and can be nested.

Operations such as sin apply to all elements on a list.

Vectors and matrices

Vector and matrices represent tables of numbers, and are represented between square brackets, for example [1 2 3] for a vector and [[1 2] [3 4] for a 2x2 matrix.

Vector and matrices follow their own arithmetic rules. Vectors are one-dimensional, matrices are two-dimensional. DB50X also supports tables with a higher number of dimensions, but only offers limited operations on them.

DB50X implements vector addition, subtraction, multipplication and division, which apply component-wise. Multiplication and division are an extension compared to the HP48.

DB50X also implements matrix addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Like on the HP48, the division of matrix A by matrix B is interpreted as left-multiplying A by the inverse of B.

As another extension, algebraic functions such as sin apply to all elements in a vector or matrix in turn.

Units

Unit objects represent values with an associated unit. They are represented using the _ operator, e.g. 1_km/s, although on display this operator is shown as a thin space, e.g. 1 km/s.

Menus

Menus display at the bottom of the screen, and can be activated using the keys on the top row of the calculator. Menus can refer to other menus. The calculator keeps a history of the menus you visited previously, and you can return to an earlier menu with the BackMenu function.

Here are the main menus in DB50X, in alphabetical order.

MainMenu

The Main menu gives access to all the functions in your calculator, sorted by cathegory. It includes the following submenus:

• Math: Mathematical operations
• Symb: Symbolic operations
• Units: Unit conversions
• System: System configuration
• Prog: Programming
• Vars: User variables

MathMenu

The Math menu gives access to mathematical functions like SIN in your calculator. It includes the following submenus:

• Arith: Arithmetic functions
• Base: Based numbers
• Trans: Transcendental functions
• Stats: Statistics
• Lists: List operations
• Matrix: Matrices and vectors
• Solve: Numerical solver

VariablesMenu (VARS)

The variables menu displays the variables in the current directory. It is a three row menu, where for each variable:

• The primary function evaluates the variable
• The first shifted function recalls the variable
• The second shifted function stores in the variable

VariablesMenuExecute

Hitting the primary function in the Vars menu evaluates the corresponding variable.

VariablesMenuRecall

Hitting the first shifted function in the Vars menu will recall the corresponding variable on the stack.

VariablesMenuStore

Hitting the second shifted function in the Vars menu will store the top of stack in the corresponding variable.

ToolsMenu

The ToolsMenu maps to the A key (Σ+ on the original DM32 keyboard). It invokes a context-dependent menu adapted to the top level of the stack.

LastMenu

The LastMenu function, which is the shifted function for the _ A _ key, returns back in the history of past visited menus.

Operations with Angles

TAGDEG

Mark a number as an angle in degrees

TAGRAD

Mark a number as an angle in radians

TAGGRAD

Mark a number as an angle in grads (gons)

TAGDMS

Mark a number as an angle in DMS (DD.MMSS)

ANGTODEG

Convert an angle to degrees

ANGTORAD

Convert an angle to radians

ANGTOGRAD

Convert an angle to grads (gons)

ANGTODMS

Convert an angle to DMS (DD.MMSS)

TORECT

Convert vector or complex to cartesian coordinates

TOPOLAR

Convert vector or complex to polar coordinates

TOSPHER

Convert vector or complex to spherical coordinates

Arithmetic

+ (add)

Add two values.

• For integer, fractional, decimal or complex numbers, this performs the expected numerical addition. For example, 1 2 + is 3.
• For equations and symbols, build a sum, eliminating zero additions if autosimplify is active.
• For lists, concatenate lists, or add objets to a list. For example, { A } { B } + is { A B }, and { A B C } "D" + is { A B C "D" }.
• For text, concatenate text, or concatenate the text representation of an object to an existing text. For example "X" "Y" + gives "XY", and "X=" 1 + gives "X=1".

- (sub)

Subtract two values

• For integer, fractional, decimal or complex numbers, this performs the expected numerical subtraction. For example, 1 2 - is -1.
• For equations and symbols, build a difference, eliminating subtraction of 0 if autosimplify is active.

+ (add)

Add two values.

• For integer, fractional, decimal or complex numbers, this performs the expected numerical addition. For example, 1 2 + is 3.
• For vectors and matrices, add individual elements. For example, [ 1 2 3 ] [ 4 5 6 ] + is [ 5 7 9 ].
• For equations and symbols, build a sum, eliminating zero additions when autosimplify is active.
• For lists, concatenate lists, or add objets to a list. For example, { A } { B } + is { A B }, and { A B C } "D" + is { A B C "D" }.
• For text, concatenate text, or concatenate the text representation of an object to an existing text. For example "X" "Y" + gives "XY", and "X=" 1 + gives "X=1".

- (sub)

Subtract two values

• For integer, fractional, decimal or complex numbers, this performs the expected numerical subtraction. For example, 1 2 - is -1.
• For vectors and matrices, subtract individual elements. For example, [ 1 2 3 ] [ 1 3 0 ] - is [ 0 -1 3 ].
• For equations and symbols, build a difference, eliminating subtraction of 0 when autosimplify is active.

× (*, mul)

Multiply two values.

• For integer, fractional, decimal or complex numbers, this performs the expected numerical multiplication. For example, 3 2 * is 6.
• For vectors, multiply individual elements (this is a deviation from HP48). For example, [ 1 2 3 ] [ 4 5 6 ] + is [ 4 10 18 ].
• For matrices, perform a matrix multiplication.
• For a matrix and a vector, apply the matrix to the vector.
• For equations and symbols, build a product, eliminating mulitplication by 1 or 0 when autosimplify is active.
• For a list and a positive integer, repeat the list For example, { A } 3 * is { A A A }.
• For a text and a positive integer, repeat the text. For example "X" 3 * gives "XXX".

÷ (/, div)

Divide two values two values

• For integer, build a fraction. For example 1 7 / gives 1/7.
• For fractional, decimal or complex numbers, this performs the expected numerical division. For example, 1. 2. / is 0.5.
• For vectors, divide individual elements. For example, [ 1 2 3 ] [ 3 2 1 ] / is [ 1/3 1 3 ].
• For equations and symbols, build a ratio, eliminating division by one and division of 0 when autosimplify is active.

↑ (^, pow)

Raise to the power

• For integer, fractional, decimal or complex numbers, this raises the value in level 2 to the value in level 1. For example, 2 3 ↑ is 8.
• For vectors, raise individual elements in the first vector to the power of the corresponding element in the second vector.
• For equations and synbols, build an expression, eliminating special cases when autosimplify is active.

xroot

Raise to the inverse power. X Y xroot is equivalent to X Y inv pow.

Integer arithmetic and polynomials

SETPREC

Set the current system precision

GETPREC

Get the current system precision

FLOOR

Largest integer less than the input

CEIL

Smallest integer larger than the input

IP

Integer part of a number

FP

Fractional part of a number

MODSTO

Set the current system modulo for all MOD operations

MODRCL

Get the current system modulo

POWMOD

Power operator MOD the current system modulo

MOD

Remainder of the integer division

SQ

Square of the input

NEXTPRIME

Smallest prime number larger than the input

FACTORIAL

Factorial of a number

ISPRIME

Return true/false (1/0) if a number is prime or not

MANT

Mantissa of a real number (M*10^exp)

XPON

Exponent of a number represented as (M*10^exp)

SIGN

Sign of a number, -1, 0 or 1.

For complex numbers, returns a unit number on the unit circle with the same argument as the original number.

PERCENT

Percentage of a number

PERCENTCH

Percentage of change on a number

PERCENTTOT

Get percentage of a total

GCD

Greatest common divisor

LCM

Least common multiple

IDIV2

Integer division, get quoteiant and remainder

IQUOT

Quotient of the integer division

ADDTMOD

Addition operator MOD the current system modulo

SUBTMOD

Subtraction operator MOD the current system modulo

MULTMOD

Multiplication operator MOD the current system modulo

PEVAL

Evaluation of polynomial given as vector of coefficients

PCOEF

Coefficients of monic polynomial with the given roots

IEGCD

Extended euclidean algorithm

IABCUV

Find integers u,v to solve au+bv=c

PTCHEBYCHEFF

Nth Tchebycheff polynomial

PLEGENDRE

Nth Legendre polynomial

PHERMITE

Nth Hermite polynomial as used by physics

PTCHEBYCHEFF2

Nth Tchebycheff polynomial of the second kind

PHERMITE2

Nth Hermite polynomial as used in probabilities

DIV2

Polynomial euclidean division as symbolic

PDIV2

Polynomial euclidean division as coefficient vector

PDER

Derivative of polynomial as coefficient vector

PINT

Integration of polynomials as coefficient vector

PMUL

Multiplication of polynomials as coefficient vectors

PADD

Addition of polynomials as coefficient vector

PSUB

Subtraction of polynomials as coefficient vector

MIN

Smallest of 2 objects

MAX

Largest of 2 objects

RND

Round a number to the given number of figures

TRNC

Truncate a number to the given number of figures

DIGITS

Extract digits from a real number

PROOT

All roots of a polynomial

PREVPRIME

Largest prime smaller than the input

FACTORS

Factorize a polynomial or number

Base functions

Evaluate (EVAL)

Evaluate the object at stack level 1.

Mapped to the _ R/S _ key

X ▶ Result of X evaluation

Drop

Negate (NEG)

Negate the value in level 1.

Mapped to the _ +/- _ key

X ▶ 0-X

Invert (INV)

Invert the value in level 1

Mapped to the _ 1/X _ key

X ▶ 1/X

Bitwise operations

STWS

Store current word size in bits (0-63)

RCWS

Recall the currnent word size in bits

BOR

Bitwise OR operation

BAND

Bitwise AND operator

BXOR

Bitwise XOR operation

BLSL

Bitwise logical shift left

BLSR

Bitwise logical shift right

BASR

Bitwise arithmetic shift right

BRL

Bitwise rotate left

BRR

Bitwise rotate right

BNOT

Bitwise inversion of bits

BADD

Bitwise addition with overflow

BSUB

Bitwise subtraction with overflow

BMUL

Bitwise multiplication

BDIV

Bitwise integer division

BNEG

Bitwise negation

Bitmaps

TOSYSBITMAP

Comments

STRIPCOMMENTS

Remove all comments from a compiled program

Operations with Complex Numbers

RE

Real part of a complex number

IM

Imaginary part of a complex number

ARG

Argument of a complex number

CONJ

Conjugate of a complex number

CPLX2REAL

Split Complex into two Reals

REAL2CPLX

Make Complex from real and imaginary parts

Lists, Matrix and String commands

PUT

Replace an item in a composite

PUTI

Replace an item and increase index

GET

Extract an item from a composite

GETI

Extract an item and increase index

HEAD

Extract the first item in a composite

TAIL

Removes the first item in a composite

OBJDECOMP

Explode an object into its components

REPL

Replace elements in a composite

POS

Find the position of an element in a composite

NPOS

Find object in a composite, starting from index N

POSREV

Find the position of an element, starting from the end

NPOSREV

Find the position from the end, starting at index N

SUB

Extract a group of elements from a composite

SIZE

Number of elements in a composite

RHEAD

Returns the last element from the composite

RTAIL

Removes the last element from the composite

Constants

PICONST

ICONST

ECONST

JCONST

Variables

Variables are named storage for RPL values.

Store (STO)

Store an object into a global variable

Recall (RCL)

Recall the contents of a variable

StoreAdd (STO+)

Add to the content of a variable

StoreSubtract (STO-)

Subtract from the contents of a variable

StoreMultiply (STO×)

Multiply contents of a variable

StoreDivide (STO÷)

Divide the content of a variable

Increment (INCR)

Add one to the content of a variable

Decrement (DECR)

Subtract one from content of a variable

Purge

Delete a global variable from the current directory

Remark: Purge only removes a variable from the current directory, not the enclosing directories. Since Recall will fetch variable values from enclosing directories, it is possible that 'X' Purge 'X' Recall will fetch a value for X from an enclosing directory. Use PurgeAll if you want to purge a variable including in enclosing directories.

PurgeAll

Delete a global variable from the current directory and enclosing directories.

Remark: If a variable with the same name exists in multiple enclosing directories, PurgeAll may purge multiple variables. Use Purge if you want to only purge a variable in the current directory.

CreateDirectory (CRDIR)

Create new directory

PurgeDirectory (PGDIR)

Purge entire directory tree

UpDirectory (UPDIR)

Change current directory to its parent

HomeDirectory (HOME)

Change current directory to HOME

DirectoryPath (PATH)

Get a path to the current directory

Variables (VARS)

List all visible variables in a directory

ALLVARS

List all variables in a directory

ORDER

Sort variables in a directory

QUOTEID

Add single quotes to a variable name

UNQUOTEID

Remove single quotes from a variable name

HIDEVAR

Hide a variable (make invisible)

UNHIDEVAR

Make a hidden variable visible

CLVAR

Purge all variables and empty subdirectories in current directory

LOCKVAR

Make variable read-only

UNLOCKVAR

Make variable read/write

RENAME

Change the name of a variable

TVARS

List variables of a specific type

TVARSE

List all variables with extended type information

SADD

Apply command ADD to the stored contents of the variable

SPROP

Store a property to a variable

RPROP

Recall a property of a variable

PACKDIR

Pack a directory in an editable object

Errors and error handlers

EXITRPL

Panic exit - abort the RPL engine.

EVAL1NEXT

Perform EVAL1 on the next object in a secondary and skips it

RESUME

End error handler and resume execution of main program

DOERR

Issue an error condition

ERRN

Recall the previous error code

ERRM

Recall the previous error message

ERR0

Clear previous error code

HALT

Halt the execution of RPL code

CONT

Continue execution of a halted program

SST

Single-step through a halted program, skip over subroutines

SSTIN

Single-step through a halted program, goes into subroutines

KILL

Terminate a halted program

SETBKPOINT

Set a breakpoint on a halted program

CLRBKPOINT

Remove a breakpoint

DBUG

Halt the given program at the first instruction for debugging

BLAMEERR

Issue an error condition, blame other program for it

EXIT

Early exit from the current program or loop

Flow control

If

The if statement provides conditional structurs that let a program make decisions. It comes in two forms:

• if condition then true-clause end: This evaluates condition and, if true, evaluates true-clause.

• if condition then true-clause else false-clause end: This evaluates condition and, if true, evaluates true-clause, otherwise evaluates false-clause.

A condition is true if:

• It is a number with a non-zero value
• It is the word True

A condition is false if:

• It is a number with a zero value
• It is the word False

CASE

Conditional CASE ... THEN ... END THEN ... END END statement

THENCASE

Conditional CASE ... THEN ... END THEN ... END END statement

ENDTHEN

Conditional CASE ... THEN ... END THEN ... END END statement

ENDCASE

Conditional CASE ... THEN ... END THEN ... END END statement

FOR

Loop FOR ... NEXT/STEP statement

START

Loop START ... NEXT/STEP statement

NEXT

Loop FOR/START ... NEXT statement

STEP

Loop FOR/START ... STEP statement

DO

Loop DO ... UNTIL ... END statement

UNTIL

Loop DO ... UNTIL ... END statement

ENDDO

Loop DO ... UNTIL ... END statement

WHILE

Loop WHILE ... REPEAT ... END statement

REPEAT

Loop WHILE ... REPEAT ... END statement

ENDWHILE

Loop WHILE ... REPEAT ... END statement

IFERR

Conditional IFERR ... THEN ... ELSE ... END statement

THENERR

Conditional IFERR ... THEN ... ELSE ... END statement

ELSEERR

Conditional IFERR ... THEN ... ELSE ... END statement

ENDERR

Conditional IFERR ... THEN ... ELSE ... END statement

FORUP

Loop FORUP ... NEXT/STEP statement

FORDN

Loop FORUP ... NEXT/STEP statement

Menus, Flags and System Settings

SETLOCALE

Change the separator symbols

SETNFMT

Change the display format for numbers

SF

Set a flag

CF

Clear a flag

FCTEST

Test if a flag is clear

FSTEST

Test if a flag is set

FCTESTCLEAR

Test if a flag is clear, then clear it

FSTESTCLEAR

Test if a flag is set, then clear it

TMENU

Display the given menu on the active menu area

TMENULST

Display the given menu on the menu area the user used last

TMENUOTHR

Display the given menu on the menu are the user did not use last

MENUSWAP

Swap the contents of menu areas 1 and 2

MENUBK

Display the previous menu on the active menu area

MENUBKLST

Display the previous menu on the area the user used last

MENUBKOTHR

Display the previous menu on the area the user did not use last

RCLMENU

Recall the active menu

RCLMENULST

Recall the menu the user used last

RCLMENUOTHR

Recall the menu the user did not use last

DEG

Set the angle mode flags to degrees

GRAD

Set the angle mode flags to grads (gons)

RAD

Set the angle mode flags to radians

DMS

Set the angle mode to DMS (as DD.MMSS)

ASNKEY

Assign a custom definition to a key

DELKEY

Remove a custom key definition

STOKEYS

Store and replace all custom key definitions

RCLKEYS

Recall the list of all custom key definitions

TYPEE

Get extended type information from an object

GETLOCALE

Get the current separator symbols

GETNFMT

Recall the current display format for numbers

RCLF

Recall all system flags

STOF

Store and replace all system flags

VTYPE

Get type information on the contents of a variable

VTYPEE

Get extended type information on the contents of a variable

FMTSTR

Do →STR using a specific numeric format

Fonts

FNTSTO

Install a user font for system use

FNTRCL

Recall a system font

FNTPG

Purge a user-installed system font

FNTSTK

Recall name of current font for stack area

FNT1STK

Recall name of current font for stack level 1

FNTMENU

Recall name of current font for menu area

FNTCMDL

Recall name of current font for command line area

FNTSTAT

Recall name of current font for status area

FNTPLOT

Recall name of current font for plot objects

FNTFORM

Recall name of current font for forms

STOFNTSTK

Change current font for stack area

STOFNT1STK

Change current font for stack level 1

STOFNTMENU

Change current font for menu area

STOFNTCMDL

Change current font for command line area

STOFNTSTAT

Change current font for status area

STOFNTPLOT

Change current font for plot objects

STOFNTFORM

Change current font for forms

FNTHELP

Recall name of current font for help

FNTHLPT

Recall name of current font for help title

STOFNTHELP

Change current font for help text

STOFNTHLPT

Change current font for help title

Graphic commands

DB50X features a number of graphic commands. While displaying graphics, the stack and headers will no longer be updated.

Coordinates

DB50X recognizes the following types of coordinates

• Pixel coordinates are specified using based numbers such as #0, and correspond to exact pixels on the screen, and . Pixels are counted starting from the top-left corner of the screen, with the horizontal coordinate going from 10#0 to 10#399, and the vertical coordinate going from 10#0 to 10#239.

• User unit coordinates are scaled according to the content of the PPAR or PlotParameters reserved variables.

• Text coordinates are given on a square grid with a size corresponding to the height of a text line in the selected font. They can be fractional.

Coordinates can be given using one the following object types:

• A complex number, where the real part represents the horizontal coordinate and the imaginary part represents the vertical coordinate.

• A 2-element list or vector containing the horizontal and vertical coordinates.

• A 1-element list of vector containing one of the above.

For some operations, the list or vector can contain additional parameters beyond the coordinates. The selection of unit or pixel coordinates is done on a per coordinate basis. For exmaple, { 0 0 } will be the origin in user coordinates, in the center of the screen if no PPAR or PlotParameters variable is present.

Note that unlike on the HP48, a complex value in DB50X can contain a based number.

ClearLCD (cllcd)

Clear the LCD display, and block updates of the header or menu areas.

DrawText (disp)

Draw the text or object in level 2 at the position indicated by level 1. A text is drawn without the surrounding quotation marks.

If the position in level 1 is an integer, fraction or real number, it is interpreted as a line number starting at 1 for the top of the screen. For example, "Hello" 1 disp will draw Hello at the top of the screen.

If the position in level 1 is a complex number or a list, it is interpreted as specifying both the horizontal or vertical coordinates, in either pixel or unit coordinates. For example "Hello" { 0 0 } disp will draw Hello starting in the center of the screen.

Text is drawn using the stack font by default, using the foreground and background patterns.

If level 1 contains a list with more than 2 elements, additional elements provide:

• A font number for the text

• An erase flag (default true) which indicates whether the background for the text should be drawn or not.

• An invert flag (default false) which, if set, will swap the foreground and background patterns.

For example, "Hello" { #0 #0 0 true true } DrawText will draw Hello in the top-left corner (#0 #0) with the largest (editor) font (font identifier 0), erasing the background (the first true), in reverse colors (the second true).

DrawLine (line)

Draw a line between two points specified by level 1 and level 2 of the stack.

The width of the line is specified by LineWidth. The line is drawn using the foreground pattern.

PlotParameters (PPAR)

The PlotParameters reserved variable defines the plot parameters, as a list, with the following elements:

• Lower Left coordinates as a complex (default -10-6i)

• Upper Right coordinates as a complex (default 10+6i)

• Independent variable name (default x)

• Resolution specifying the interval between values of the independent variable (default 0). A binary numnber specifies a resolution in pixels.

• Axes which can be a complex giving the origin of the axes (default 0+0i), or a list containing the origin, the tick mark specification, and the names of the axes.

• Type of plot (default function)

• Dependent variable name (default y)

Local Variables

LSTO

Store to a new local variable

LRCL

Recall content of local variable

HIDELOCALS

Hide local variables from subroutines

UNHIDELOCALS

Unhide local variables from subroutines

INTERNAL_NEWNLOCALS

Arbitrary data containers

MKBINDATA

Create binary data container object

BINPUTB

Store bytes into binary data object

BINGETB

Extract binary data as list of bytes

BINPUTW

Store 32-bit words into binary data object

BINGETW

Extract data from a binary data object as a list of 32-bit words

BINPUTOBJ

Store an entire object into a binary data container

BINGETOBJ

Extract an entire object from a binary data container

BINMOVB

Copy binary data block into a binary data object

BINMOVW

Copy 32-bit words between binary data objects

User Libraries

CRLIB

Create a library from current directory

ATTACH

Install a library

DETACH

Uninstall a library

LIBMENU

Show a menu within a library

LIBMENUOTHR

Show library menu in the other menu

LIBMENULST

Show library menu in the last used menu

LIBSTO

Store private library data

LIBRCL

Recall private library data

LIBDEFRCL

Recall private data with default value

LIBCLEAR

Purge all private data for a specific library

Operations with Lists

TOLIST

Assemble a list from its elements

INNERCOMP

Split a list into its elements

CMDDOLIST

Do a procedure with elements of lists

DOSUBS

Do a procedure on a subset of a list

MAP

Do a procedure on each element of a list, recursively

MAPINNERCOMP

Do a procedure on each element recursively, return individual elements

STREAM

Do a procedure on consecutive elements of a list

DELTALIST

First differences on the elements of a list

SUMLIST

Sum of all elements in a list

PRODLIST

Product of all elements in a list

ADD

Concatenate lists and/or elements

SORT

Sort elements in a list

REVLIST

Reverse the order of elements in a list

ADDROT

Add elements to a list, keep only the last N elements

SEQ

Assemble a list from results of sequential procedure

Operations with Matrices and vectors

TOARRAY

Assemble an array from its elements

ARRAYDECOMP

Split an array into its elements

TOCOL

Split an array into column vectors

ADDCOL

Instert a column into an array

REMCOL

Remove a column from an array

FROMCOL

Assemble a matrix from its columns

TODIAG

Extract diagonal elements from a matrix

FROMDIAG

Create a matrix with the given diagonal elements

TOROW

Split an array into its row vectors

ADDROW

Insert a row into an array

REMROW

Remove a row from an array

FROMROW

Assemble an array from its rows

TOV2

Assemble a vector from two values

TOV3

Assemble a vector from three values

FROMV

Split a vector into its elements

AXL

Convert a matrix to list and vice versa

BASIS

Find vectors forming a basis of the subspace represented by the matrix

CHOLESKY

Perform Cholesky decomposition on a matrix

CNRM

Column norm (one norm) of a matrix

CON

Assemble an array with given constant value

COND

Column norm condition number of a matrix

CROSS

Cross produce of vectors

CSWP

Swap two columns in a matrix

DET

Determinant of a matrix

DIAGMAP

DOT

Internal product (dot product) of vectors

EGV

EGVL

Compute the eigenvalues of a matrix

GRAMSCHMIDT

HADAMARD

Multiply corresponding elements in a matrix

HILBERT

Assemble a Hilbert symbolic array

IBASIS

Find a basis of the intersection of two vector spaces

IDN

Assemble an identity matrix

IMAGE

Find a basis of the image of a linear application

ISOM

JORDAN

KER

Find a basis for the kernel of a linear application

LQ

LSQ

LU

LU factorization of a matrix

MAD

MKISOM

PMINI

Minimal polynomial of a matrix

QR

QR Decomposition of a matrix

RANK

Rank of a matrix

RANM

Assemble a matrix with random numbers

RCI

Multiply a row by a constant

RCIJ

Multiply a row by a constant and add to other row

RDM

Change dimensions of an array

REF

Reduce matrix to echelon form (upper triangular form)

RNRM

Row norm (infinity norm) of a matrix

RREF

Fully reduce to row-reduced echelon form

RREFMOD

RSD

Residual R=B-AX' on a system AX=B

RSWP

Swap two rows in a matrix

SCHUR

SNRM

SRAD

SVD

SVL

SYLVESTER

TRACE

Sum of the items in the diagonal of a matrix

TRAN

Transpose a matrix

TRN

Complex conjugate transpose of a matrix

VANDERMONDE

LDUP

Decompose A into LDUP such that PA=LD^-1*U

MMAP

Apply expression or program to the elements of a matrix

Numerical functions

∫ (Integrate)

Perform a numerical integration of a function for a specified variable on a numerical interval. For example 2 3 'X*(X-3)' 'X' Integrate returns -7/6.

The function takes four arguments:

• The lower bound of the integration range
• The higher bound of the integration range
• The program or expression to evaluate
• The integration variable

Root

Root-finder command. Returns a real number that is a value of the specified variable for which the specified program or algebraic object most nearly evaluates to zero or a local extremum. For example, 'X^2=3' 'X' 0 returns X:1.732050807568877293527446341953458.

The function takes three arguments:

• The program or expression to evaluate
• The variable to solve for
• An initial guess, or a list containing an upper and lower guess.

Cycle

Cycle through various representations of the object on the first level of the stack.

• Polar <-> Rectangular for complex numbers
• Decimal <-> Fraction
• Integer <-> Based (cycles through the 2, 8, 10 and 16 base)
• Array <-> List <-> Program
• Text <-> Symbol

Scalable plots and graphics

BEGINPLOT

Initialize a new current plot object

EDITPLOT

Set the current plot object to the given graphic

ENDPLOT

Finish current plot object and leave it on the stack

STROKECOL

Change the current stroke color

STROKETYPE

Change current stroke type

FILLCOL

Change the current fill color

FILLTYPE

Change the current fill type

FILL

Fill the last polygon

STROKE

Draw the outline of the last polygon

FILLSTROKE

Draw the outline and fill the last polygon

MOVETO

Move current coordinates

LINETO

Draw a line

CIRCLE

Draw a circle

RECTANG

Draw a rectangle

CTLNODE

Add a control node to the current polygon

CURVE

Draw a curve using all previous control points

BGROUP

EGROUP

DOGROUP

BASEPT

TRANSLATE

ROTATE

SCALE

CLEARTRANSF

SETFONT

TEXTHEIGHT

TEXTOUT

INITRENDER

Set which library will be used as default renderer

DORENDER

Render a graphics object using the current renderer

PANVIEW

Shift the center of viewport to render graphics

ROTVIEW

SCLVIEW

Set scale to render graphics

VIEWPORT

VIEWALL

SD Card

SDRESET

Reset the file system module

SDSETPART

Set active partition

SDSTO

Store a an object into a file

SDRCL

Recall an object from a file

SDCHDIR

Change current directory

SDUPDIR

Change to parent directory

SDCRDIR

Create a new directory

SDPGDIR

Delete an entire directory

SDPURGE

Delete a file

SDOPENRD

Open a file for read-only operation

SDOPENWR

Open a file for writing

SDOPENAPP

Open a file in append mode

SDOPENMOD

Open a file in modify mode

SDCLOSE

Close an open file

SDREADTEXT

Read text from an open file (UTF-8 encoding)

SDWRITETEXT

Write text to a file (UTF-8 encoding)

SDREADLINE

Read one line of text from a file

SDSEEKSTA

Move position to given offset from start of file

SDSEEKEND

Move position to given offset from end of file

SDSEEKCUR

Move position to given offset from the current point.

SDTELL

Get the current position

SDFILESIZE

Get the file size in bytes

SDEOF

Return true if last operation reached end of file

SDOPENDIR

Open a directory to scan entries

SDNEXTFILE

Get the next entry in a directory that is a file

SDNEXTDIR

Get the next entry in a directory that is a subdirectory

SDNEXTENTRY

Get the next entry in a directory

SDMOVE

Move or rename a file

SDCOPY

Copy a file

SDPATH

Get the path to current directory

SDFREE

Get the free space in the current volume

SDARCHIVE

Create a full calculator backup on a file

SDRESTORE

Restore from a backup stored in a file

SDGETPART

Get the current partition number

Settings

The calculator has a number of user-configurable settings:

• Display
• Angles
• Command display
• Decimal separator
• Precision
• Base
• User interface

The current preferences can be retrieved and saved using the Modes command.

Modes

Returns a program that will restore the current settings. This program can be saved into a variable to quickly restore a carefully crafted set of preferences. Note that the calculator automatically restores the mode when it loads a state.

Display settings

The display mode controls how DB50X displays numbers. Regardless of the display mode, numbers are always stored with full precision.

DB50X has five display mode (one more than the HP48)s:

• Standard mode
• Fixed mode
• Scientific mode
• Engineering mode)
• Significant digits mode)

StandardDisplay (STD)

Display numbers using full precision. All significant digts to the right of the decimal separator are shown, up to 34 digits.

FixedDisplay (FIX)

Display numbers rounded to a specific number of decimal places.

ScientificDisplay (SCI)

Display numbers in scientific notation, i.e. with a mantissa and an exponent. The mantissa has one digit to the left of the decimal separator and shows the specified number of decimal places.

EngineeringDisplay (SCI)

Display nunmbers as a mantissa with a sepcified number of digits, followed by an exponent that is a multiple of 3.

SignificantDisplay (SIG)

Display up to the given number of digits without trailing zero. This mode is useful because DB50X can compute with large precision, and it may be useful to not see all digits. StndardDisplay is equivalent to 34 SignificantDisplay, while 12 SignificantDisplay should approximate the HP48 standard mode using 12 significant digits.

StandardExponent

Select the maximum exponent before switching to scientific notation. The default value is 9, meaning that display uses scientific notation for exponents outside of -9..9.

MinimumSignificantDigits

Select the minimum number of significant digits before switching to scientific notation in FIX mode.

The default value is 0, which is similar to how HP calculators before the HP Prime perform. For example, with 2 FIX, the value 0.055 will display as 0.06, and 0.0055 will display as 0.01.

A higher value will switch to scienfic mode to show at least the given number of digits. For instance, with 2 FIX, if the value is 1, then 0.055 will still display as 0.06 but 0.0055 will display as 5.50E-3. If the value is 2, then 0.055 will display as 5.5E-2. A setting of 1 correspond to what the HP Prime does.

A value of -1 indicates that you do not want FIX mode to ever go to scientific notation for negative exponents. In that case, 0.00055 will display as 0.00.

TrailingDecimal

Display a trailing decimal separator to distinguish decimal from integer types. With this setting, 1.0 will display as 1.. This can be disabled with NoTrailingDecimal.

NoTrailingDecimal

Hide the trailing decimal separator for decimal values with no fractional part. In that mode, 1.0 and 1 will both display identically, although the internal representation is different, the former being a floating-point value while the latter is an integer value.

FancyExponent

Display the exponent in scientific mode using a fancy rendering that is visually similar to the normal mathematical notation.

ClassicExponent

Display the exponent in scientific mode in a way reminiscent of classical HP48 calculators, for example 1.23E-4.

Angle settings

The angle mode determines how the calculator interprets angle arguments and how it returns angle results.

DB50X has four angle modes:

• Degrees: A full circle is 360 degress
• Radians: A full circle is 2π radians
• Grads: A full circle is 400 radians
• PiRadians: Radians shown as multiple of π

Degrees (DEG)

Select degrees as the angular unit. A full circle is 360 degrees.

Radians (RAD)

Select radians as the angular unit. A full circle is 2π radians, and the angle is shown as a numerical value.

Grads (GRAD)

Select grads as the angular unit. A full circle is 400 grads.

PiRadians (PIRAD)

Select multiples of π as the angular unit. A full circle is 2π radians, shown as a multiple of π.

Command display

DB50X can display commands either using a short legacy spelling, usually identical to what is used on the HP-48 series of calculators, or use an alternative longer spelling. For example, the command to store a value in a variable is called STO in the HP-48, and can also be spelled Store in DB50X.

Commands are case insensitive, and all spellings are accepted as input irrespective of the display mode.

DB50X has four command spelling modes:

• Lowercase: Display sto
• Uppercase: Display STO
• Capitalized: Display Sto
• Long form: Display Store

LowerCase

Display comands using the short form in lower case, for example sto.

UpperCase

Display comands using the short form in upper case, for example STO.

Capitalized

Display comands using the short form capitalized, for example Sto.

LongForm

Display comands using the long form, for example Store.

Decimal separator settings

The decimal separator can be either a dot (1.23) or a comma (1,23).

DecimalDot

Select the dot as a decimal separator, e.g. 1.23

DecimalComma

Select the comma as a decimal separator, e.g. 1,23

Precision settings

Precision

Set the default computation precision, given as a number of decimal digits. For example, 7 Precision will ensure at least 7 decimal digits for compuation, and 1.0 3 / will compute 0.3333333 in that case.

In the current implementation, this selects one of three decimal formats:

• The decimal32 for up to 7 digits mantissa and an exponents up to 96
• The decimal64 for up to 16 digits mantissa and an exponents up to 384
• The decimal128 for up to 34 digits mantissa and an exponents up to 6144

The intent in the long run is to allow arbitrary precision like in newRPL.

Base settings

Integer values can be reprecended in a number of different bases:

• Binary is base 2
• Ocgtal is base 8
• Decimal is base 10
• Hexadecimal is base 16

Binary (BIN)

Selects base 2

Octal (OCT)

Selects base 8

Decimal (DEC)

Selects base 10

Hexadecimal (HEX)

Selects base 16

Base

Select an arbitrary base for computations

StoreWordSize (STWS)

Store the word size for binary computations

WordSize (RCWS)

Recall the word size for binary computations

MaxRewrites

Defines the maximum number of rewrites in an equation.

Equations rewrites can go into infinite loops, e.g. 'X+Y' 'A+B' 'B+A' rewrite can never end, since it keeps rewriting terms. This setting indicates how many attempts at rewriting will be done before erroring out.

MaxBigNumBits

Define the maxmimum number of bits for a large integer.

Large integer operations can take a very long time, notably when displaying them on the stack. With the default value of 1024 bits, you can compute 100! but computing 200! will result in an error, Number is too big. You can however compute it seting a higher value for MaxBigNumBits, for example 2048 MaxBigNumBits.

ToFractionIterations (→QIterations, →FracIterations)

Define the maximum number of iterations converting a decimal value to a fraction. For example, 1 →FracIterations 3.1415926 →Frac will give 22/7, whereas 3 →FracIterations 3.1415926 →Frac will give 355/113.

ToFractionDigits (→QDigits, →FracDigits)

Define the maximum number of digits of precision converting a decimal value to a fraction. For example, 2 →FracDigits 3.1415926 →Frac will give 355/113.

User interface

Various user-interface aspects can be customized, including the appearance of Soft-key menus. Menus can show on one or three rows, with 18 (shifted) or 6 (flat) functions per page, and there are two possible visual themes for the labels, rounded or square.

ThreeRowsMenus

Display menus on up to three rows, with shift and double-shift functions showns above the primary menu function.

SingleRowMenus

Display menus on a single row, with labels changing using shift.

FlatMenus

Display menus on a single row, flattened across multiple pages.

RoundedMenu

Display menus using rounded black or white tabs.

SquareMenus

Display menus using square white tabs.

CursorBlinkRate

Set the cursor blink rate in millisecond, between 50ms (20 blinks per second) and 5000ms (blinking every 5 seconds).

States

The calculator can save and restore state in files with extension .48S. This feature is available through the Setup menu (Shift-0).

The following information is stored in state files:

• Global variables
• Stack contents
• Settings

Numeric solvers

NUMINT

Numerical integration (adaptive Simpson)

ROOT

Root seeking within an interval

MSOLVE

Multiple non-linear equation solver/optimization search

BISECT

Root seeking (bisection method)

Stack manipulation

Clear

Remove all objects from the stack

Depth

Get the current stack depth

Drop

Remove an object from the stack

Drop2

Remove two objects form the stack

DropN

Remove N objects from the stack, N being given in level 1.

Duplicate (DUP)

Duplicate an object on the stack

Duplicate2 (DUP2)

Duplicate two objects on the stack

DuplicateTwice (DUPDUP)

Duplicate the same object twice on the stack

DuplicateN (DUPN)

Duplicate a group of N objects, N being given in stack level 1

LastArguments (LASTARG)

Put the last arguments back on the stack

LastX

Put the last first argument on the stack.

This command does not exist on HP RPL calculators, and is here to make it easier to adapt RPN programs that use LastX a bit more often.

Undo

Restore the stack to its last state before executing an interactive command. Note that this command can be used from a program, but it will restore the state prior to program execution.

NDUPN

Replicate one object N times and return N

NIP

Remove object at level 2 on the stack

Over

Duplicate object at level 2 on the stack

PICK

Duplicate object at position N on the stack

PICK3

Duplicate object at level 3 on the stack

ROLL

Move object at level N to level 1

ROLLD

Move object from level 1 to level N

ROT

Move object from level 3 to level 1

SWAP

Exchange objects in levels 1 and 2

Mapped to X⇆Y key

Y X ▶ X Y

UNPICK

Move object from level 1 to level N.

UNROT

Move object from level 1 to level 3

IFT

Evaluate objects on the stack conditionally

IFTE

Evaluate objects on the stack conditionally

STKPUSH

Push a snapshot of the current stack on the undo stack

STKPOP

Pop a stack snapshot from the undo stack

STKDROP

Drop a snapshot from the undo stack

STKPICK

Copy snapshot in level N to the current stack

STKDEPTH

Get the depth of the undo stack

STKNEW

Push a snapshot of the current stack on the undo stack and clears the current stack

Statistics

RDZ

Initialize random number generator with a seed

RAND

Generate a random real number

Operations with Strings

TOUTF

Create a Utf8 string from a list of code points

FROMUTF

List all code points in a Utf8 string

TOSTR

Decompile any object (convert to string)

FROMSTR

Compile a string into RPL objects

SREV

Reverse the characters on a string

NTOKENS

Number of tokens in a string

NTHTOKEN

Token at position N in a string

NTHTOKENPOS

Position of token N in a string

TRIM

Remove characters at end of string

RTRIM

Remove characters at start of string

SSTRLEN

Length of string in characters

STRLENCP

Length of string in Unicode code points

TONFC

Normalize a string to Unicode NFC

SREPL

Find and replace text in a string

TODISPSTR

Decompile formatted for display

TOEDITSTR

Decompile formatted for edit

Operations with Symbolic Expressions

Rewrite

Applies an arbitrary transformation on equations. The first argument is the equation to transform. The second argument is the pattern to match. The third argument is the replacement pattern. Patterns can contain variable names, which are substituted with the corresponding sub-expression.

In the matching pattern, variables with a name that begins with i, j, k, l, m, n, p or q must match a non-zero positive integer. When such a match happens, the expression is evaluated after rewrite in order to compute values such as 3-1.

Additionally, variables with a name that begins with u, v or w must be unique within the pattern. This is useful for term-reordering rules, such as 'x*u*x' 'x*x*u', which should not match a*a*a where it is a no-op.

Eq From To ▶ Eq

Examples:

• 'A+B+0' 'X+0' 'X' rewrite returns 'A+B'
• 'A+B+C' 'X+Y' 'Y-X' rewrite returns 'C-(B-A)
• '(A+B)^3' 'X^N' 'X*X^(N-1)' rewrite returns (A+B)*(A+B)^2.

AutoSimplify

Enable automatic reduction of numeric subexpressions according to usual arithmetic rules. After evaluating AutoSimplify 'X+0' will evaluate as 'X' and 'X*1-B*0' witll evaluate as 'X'.

The opposite setting is NoAutoSimplify

NoAutoSimplify

Disable automatic reduction of numeric subexpressions according to usual arithmetic rules. After evaluating NoAutoSimplify, equations such as'X+0' or X*1-B*0 will no longer be simplified during evaluation.

The opposite setting is AutoSimplify

RULEMATCH

Find if an expression matches a rule pattern

RULEAPPLY

Match and apply a rule to an expression repeatedly

→Num (→Decimal, ToDecimal)

Convert fractions and symbolic constants to decimal form. For example, 1/4 →Num results in 0.25.

→Frac (→Q, ToFraction)

Convert decimal values to fractions. For example 1.25 →Frac gives 5/4. The precision of the conversion in digits is defined by →FracDigits, and the maximum number of iterations for the conversion is defined by →FracDigits

RULEAPPLY1

Match and apply a rule to an expression only once

TRIGSIN

Simplify replacing cos(x)^2+sin(x)^2=1

ALLROOTS

Expand powers with rational exponents to consider all roots

CLISTCLOSEBRACKET

RANGE

Create a case-list of integers in the given range.

ASSUME

Apply certain assumptions about a variable to an expression.

Time, Alarms and System Commands

SETDATE

Set current system date in MM.DDYYYY

DATEADD

Add days to a date in MM.DDYYYY

SETTIME

Set current time as HH.MMSS

TOHMS

Convert decimal time to HH.MMSS

FROMHMS

Convert time in HH.MMSS to decimal

HMSADD

Add time in HH.MMSS format

HMSSUB

Subtract time in HH.MMSS format

TICKS

Return system clock in microseconds

TEVAL

Perform EVAL and measure elapsed time

DATE

Current system date as MM.DDYYYY

DDAYS

Number of days between dates in MM.DDYYYY

TIME

Current time in HH.MMSS

TSTR

ACK

Acknowledge oldest alarm (dismiss)

ACKALL

Acknowledge (dismiss) all alarms

RCLALARM

Recall specified alarm

STOALARM

Create a new alarm

DELALARM

Delete an existing alarm

FINDALARM

Get first alarm due after the given time

Version

Return DB50X version information as text.

▶ "Version information"

FreeMemory

Return the number of bytes immediately available in memory, without performing a cleanup of temporary values (garbage collection).

See also: GarbageCollect, FreeMemory

AvailableMemory (MEM)

Return the number of bytes available in memory.

Remark: The number returned is only a rough indicator of usable memory. In particular, recovery features consume or release varying amounts of memory with each operation.

Before it can assess the amount of memory available, AvailableMemory removes objects in temporary memory that are no longer being used. Like on the HP48, you can therfore use MEM DROP to force garbage collection. However, there is also a dedicated command for that, GarbageCollect.

See also: FreeMemory, GarbageCollect

GarbageCollect

Perform a clean-up of temporary objects and return number of bytes reclaimed.

In order to speed up normal operations, temporaries are only discarded when necessary to make room. This clean-up process, also called garbage collection, occurs automatically when memory is full. Since garbage collection can slow down calculator operation at undesired times, you can force it to occur at a desired time by executing GarbageCollect.

See also: FreeMemory, Purge

Bytes

Return the size of the object and a hash of its value. On classic RPL systems, teh hash is a 5-nibbles CRC32. On DB50X, the hash is a based integer of the current wordsize corresponding to the binary representation of the object.

For example, the integer 7 hash will be in the form #7xx, where 7 is the value of the integer, and xx represents the integer type, as returned by the Type command.

X ▶ Hash Size

Type

Return the type of the object as a numerical value. The value is not guaranteed to be portable across versions of DB50X (and pretty much is guarantteed to not be portable), nor to ever match the value returned by the TYPE command on the HP48.

Note The TypeName command returns the type as text, and this is less likely to change from one release to the next.

TypeName

Return the type of the object as text. For example, 12 type returns "integer".

PEEK

Low-level read memory address

POKE

Low level write to memory address

NEWOB

Make a new copy of the given object

USBFWUPDATE

PowerOff (OFF)

Turn calculator off programmatically

SystemSetup

Display the built-in system setup

SaveState

Save the machine's state to disk, using the current state if one was previously loaded. This is intended to quickly save the state for example before a system upgrade.

Tagged objects

Tagged objects are a way to indicate what a value represents, using a tag between colons and preceding the object. For example, :X:3 is a tagged integer, where the tag is X and the object is 3.

When displayed on the stack, tags are shown without the leading colon for readability. For example, the object above shows as X:3 on the stack.

→Tag (ToTag)

Apply a tag to an object. The tag is in level 1 as text or name. The object to be tagged is in level 2. For example, "Hello" 1 →Tag results in :Hello:1. Like on the HP calculators, it is possible to next tags.

Tag→ (FromTag)

Expand a tagged object in level 1 into its object and tag. The object will be in level 2, the tag will be in level 1 as a text object.

For example, :Hello:1 Tag→ results in "Hello" in level 1 and 1 in level 2.

DeleteTag (DTAG)

Remove a tag from an object. For example, :Hello:1 DeleteTag results in 1. If there is no tag, the object is returned as is.

Transcendental functions

SIN

Compute the sine

COS

Compute the cosine

TAN

Compute the tangent

ASIN

Compute the arcsine

ACOS

Compute the arccosine

ATAN

Compute the arctangent

ATAN2

Compute arctangent(y/x)

LN

Compute natural logarithm

EXP

Compute exponential function

SINH

Compute the hyperbolic sine

COSH

Compute the hyperbolic cosine

TANH

Compute the hyperbolic tangent

ASINH

Compute the hyperbolic arcsine

ACOSH

Compute the hyperbolic arccosine

ATANH

Compute the hyperbolic arctangent

LOG

Compute logarithm in base 10

ALOG

Compute anti-logarithm in base 10

SQRT

Compute the square root

EXPM

Compute exp(x)-1

LNP1

Compute ln(x+1)

PINUM

Numeric constant π with twice the current system precision

User Interface

COPYCLIP

Copy an object to the clipboard

CUTCLIP

Move an object to the clipboard

PASTECLIP

Insert the clipboard contents on the stack

Wait

Wait for a key press or a time lapse.

When the argument is greater than 0, interrupt the program for the given number of seconds, which can be fractional.

When the argument is 0 or negative, wait indefinitely until a key is pressed. The key code for the key that was pressed will be pushed in the stack. If the argument is negative, the current menu will be displayed on the screen during the wait.

KEYEVAL

Simulate a keypress from within a program

KEY

Get instantaneous state of the keyboard

DOFORM

Take a variable identifier with a form list

EDINSERT

Insert given text into the editor

EDREMOVE

Remove characters in the editor at the cursor position

EDLEFT

Move cursor to the left in the editor

EDRIGHT

Move cursor to the right in the editor

EDUP

Move cursor up in the editor

EDDOWN

Move cursor down in the editor

EDSTART

Move cursor to the start of text in the editor

EDEND

Move cursor to the end of text in the editor

EDLSTART

Move cursor to the start of current line in the editor

EDLEND

Move cursor to the end of current line in the editor

EDTOKEN

Extract one full word at the cursor location in the editor

EDACTOKEN

Extract one word at the left of cursor location (suitable for autocomplete)

EDMODE

Change the cursor mode in the editor

SETTHEME

Set system color theme

GETTHEME

Operations with Units

UDEFINE

Create a user-defined unit

UPURGE

Delete a user-defined unit

UVAL

Numeric part of a unit object

UBASE

Expand all unit factors to their base unit

CONVERT

Convert value from one unit to another

UFACT

Expose a group of units within a unit object (factor)

TOUNIT

Apply a unit to an object

ULIST

List all user-defined units

USB Communications

USBSTATUS

Get status of the USB driver

USBRECV

Receive an object through USB link

USBSEND

Send an object through the USB link

USBOFF

Disable USB port

USBON

Enable USB port

USBAUTORCV

Receive an object and execute it

USBARCHIVE

Create a backup on a remote machine

USBRESTORE

Restore a backup from a remote machine

#######################################

target

###################################### TARGET = db48x PLATFORM = dmcp VARIANT = dm42 SDK = dmcp/dmcp PGM = pgm

######################################

building variables

###################################### OPT=release

Alternatives (on the command line)

OPT=debug -g

OPT=small -Os

OPT=fast -O2

OPT=faster -O3

OPT=fastest -O4 -Ofast

Experimentally, O2 performs best on DM32

(see https://github.com/c3d/DB50X-on-DM32/issues/66)

Warning: macOSX only

MOUNTPOINT=/Volumes/$(VARIANT)/ EJECT=sync; sync; sync; hdiutil eject $(MOUNTPOINT) PRODUCT_NAME=$(shell echo $(TARGET) | tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]") PRODUCT_MACHINE=$(shell echo $(VARIANT) | tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]")

#######################################

pathes

#######################################

Build path

BUILD = build/$(VARIANT)/$(OPT)

Path to aux build scripts (including trailing /)

Leave empty for scripts in PATH

TOOLS = tools

CRC adjustment

CRCFIX = $(TOOLS)/forcecrc32/forcecrc32

FLASH=$(BUILD)/$(TARGET)_flash.bin QSPI =$(BUILD)/$(TARGET)_qspi.bin

VERSION=$(shell git describe --dirty=Z --abbrev=5| sed -e 's/^v//g' -e 's/-g/-/g') VERSION_H=src/$(PLATFORM)/version.h

#==============================================================================

Primary build rules

#==============================================================================

default action: build all

all: $(TARGET).$(PGM) help/$(TARGET).md @echo "# Built $(VERSION)"

dm32: dm32-all dm32-%: $(MAKE) PLATFORM=dmcp SDK=dmcp5/dmcp PGM=pg5 VARIANT=dm32 TARGET=db50x $*

installation steps

COPY=cp install: install-pgm install-qspi install-help $(EJECT) @echo "# Installed $(VERSION)" install-fast: install-pgm $(EJECT) install-pgm: all $(COPY) $(TARGET).$(PGM) $(MOUNTPOINT) install-qspi: all $(COPY) $(QSPI) $(MOUNTPOINT) install-help: help/$(TARGET).md $(COPY) help/$(TARGET).md $(MOUNTPOINT)help/

sim: sim/$(TARGET).mak cd sim; make -f $(<F) sim/$(TARGET).mak: sim/$(TARGET).pro Makefile $(VERSION_H) cd sim; qmake $(<F) -o $(@F) CONFIG+=$(QMAKE_$(OPT))

sim: sim/gcc111libbid.a
recorder/config.h
help/$(TARGET).md
fonts/EditorFont.cc
fonts/StackFont.cc
fonts/HelpFont.cc
keyboard
.ALWAYS

clangdb: sim/$(TARGET).mak .ALWAYS cd sim && rm -f *.o && compiledb make -f $(TARGET).mak && mv compile_commands.json ..

keyboard: Keyboard-Layout.png Keyboard-Cutout.png sim/keyboard-db48x.png help/keyboard.png doc/keyboard.png Keyboard-Layout.png: DB50X-Keys/DB50X-Keys.001.png cp $< $@ Keyboard-Cutout.png: DB50X-Keys/DB50X-Keys.002.png cp $< $@ sim/keyboard-db48x.png: DB50X-Keys/DB50X-Keys.001.png convert $< -crop 698x878+151+138 $@ %/keyboard.png: sim/keyboard-db48x.png cp $< $@

QMAKE_debug=debug QMAKE_release=release QMAKE_small=release QMAKE_fast=release QMAKE_faster=release QMAKE_fastest=release

TTF2FONT=$(TOOLS)/ttf2font/ttf2font $(TTF2FONT): $(TTF2FONT).cpp $(TOOLS)/ttf2font/Makefile src/ids.tbl cd $(TOOLS)/ttf2font; $(MAKE) TARGET=release sim/gcc111libbid.a: sim/gcc111libbid-$(shell uname)-$(shell uname -m).a cp $< $@

dist: all cp $(BUILD)/$(TARGET)_qspi.bin . tar cvfz $(TARGET)-v$(VERSION).tgz $(TARGET).$(PGM) $(TARGET)_qspi.bin
help/.md STATE/.48S @echo "# Distributing $(VERSION)"

$(VERSION_H): $(BUILD)/version-$(VERSION).h cp $< $@ $(BUILD)/version-$(VERSION).h: $(BUILD)/.exists Makefile echo "#define DB50X_VERSION "$(VERSION)"" > $@

#BASE_FONT=fonts/C43StandardFont.ttf BASE_FONT=fonts/FogSans-ddd.ttf fonts/EditorFont.cc: $(TTF2FONT) $(BASE_FONT) $(TTF2FONT) -s 48 -S 80 -y -10 EditorFont $(BASE_FONT) $@ fonts/StackFont.cc: $(TTF2FONT) $(BASE_FONT) $(TTF2FONT) -s 32 -S 80 -y -8 StackFont $(BASE_FONT) $@ fonts/HelpFont.cc: $(TTF2FONT) $(BASE_FONT) $(TTF2FONT) -s 18 -S 80 -y -3 HelpFont $(BASE_FONT) $@ help/$(TARGET).md: $(wildcard doc/.md doc/calc-help/.md doc/commands/*.md) Makefile mkdir -p help &&
cat $^ |
sed -e '//,//s/$(PRODUCT_MACHINE)/DM32/g' | \