cppannotations/yo/first/cout.yo

Analogous to bf(C), bf(C++) defines standard input- and output streams
which are available when a program is executed. The streams are:
    itemization(
    it() ti(cout), analogous to ti(stdout),
    it() ti(cin), analogous to ti(stdin),
    it() ti(cerr), analogous to ti(stderr).
    )
    Syntactically these streams are not used as functions: instead, data are
written to streams or read from them using the operators lshift(), called
the emi(insertion operator) and rshift(), called the
emi(extraction operator).  This is illustrated in the next example:
        verb(
    #include <iostream>

    using namespace std;

    int main()
    {
        int     ival;
        char    sval[30];

        cout << "Enter a number:\n";
        cin >> ival;
        cout << "And now a string:\n";
        cin >> sval;

        cout << "The number is: " << ival << "\n"
                "And the string is: " << sval << '\n';
    }
        )
    This program reads a number and a string from the tt(cin) stream (usually
the keyboard) and prints these data to tt(cout). With respect to streams,
please note:
    itemization(
    it() The standard streams are declared in the header file
        ti(iostream). In the examples in the
annotations() this header file is often not mentioned explicitly. Nonetheless,
it em(must) be included (either directly or indirectly) when these streams are
used. Comparable to the use of the tt(using namespace std;) clause, the reader
is expected to tt(#include <iostream>) with all the examples in which the
standard streams are used.
    it() The streams tt(cout), tt(cin) and tt(cerr) are variables of so-called
emi(class)-types. Such variables are commonly called em(objects). Classes
are discussed in detail in chapter ref(Classes) and are used extensively in
bf(C++).
    it() The stream tt(cin) extracts data from a stream and copies the
extracted information to variables (e.g., tt(ival) in the above example) using
the extraction operator (two consecutive tt(>) characters: rshift()). We will
describe later how operators in bf(C++) can perform quite different actions
than what they are defined to do by the language, as is the case
here. Function overloading has already been mentioned.  In bf(C++)
em(operators) can also have multiple definitions, which is called em(operator
overloading).
    it() The operators which manipulate tt(cin), tt(cout) and tt(cerr) (i.e.,
rshift() and lshift()) also manipulate variables of different types. In the
above example tt(cout) lshift() tt(ival) results in the printing of an integer
value, whereas tt(cout) lshift() tt("Enter a number") results in the printing
of a string. The actions of the operators therefore depend on the types of
supplied variables.
    it() The emi(extraction operator) (rshift()) performs a so called
        emi(type safe) assignment to a variable by `extracting' its value from
a text stream. Normally, the extraction operator skips all
        emi(white space) hi(skipping leading blanks) characters preceding
the values to be extracted.
    it() Special i(symbolic constants) are used for special
situations. Normally a line is terminated by inserting tt("\n") or
tt('\n'). But when inserting the ti(endl) symbol the line is terminated
followed by the flushing of the stream's internal buffer. Thus, tt(endl) can
usually be avoided in favor of tt('\n') resulting in somewhat more efficient
code.
    )
    The stream objects tt(cin), tt(cout) and tt(cerr) are not part of the
bf(C++) grammar proper. The streams are part of the definitions in the header
file tt(iostream). This is comparable to functions like tt(printf) that are
not part of the bf(C) grammar, but were originally written by people who
considered such functions important and collected them in a run-time library.

A program may still use the old-style functions like tt(printf) and tt(scanf)
rather than the new-style streams.  The two styles can even be mixed. But
streams offer several clear advantages and in many bf(C++) programs have
completely replaced the old-style bf(C) functions. Some advantages of using
streams are:
    itemization(
    it() Using insertion and extraction operators is
emi(type-safe).  The format strings which are used with tt(printf) and
tt(scanf) can define wrong format specifiers for their arguments, for which
the compiler sometimes can't warn. In contrast, argument checking with
tt(cin), tt(cout) and tt(cerr) is performed by the compiler. Consequently it
isn't possible to err by providing an tt(int) argument in places where,
according to the format string, a string argument should appear. With streams
there are no format strings.
    it() The functions tt(printf) and tt(scanf) (and other functions using
format strings) in fact implement a em(mini-language) which is interpreted at
run-time. In contrast, with streams the bf(C++) compiler knows exactly which
in- or output action to perform given the arguments used. No mini-language
here.
    it() In addition the possibilities of the insertion and extraction
operators may be em(extended) allowing objects of classes that didn't exist
when the streams were originally designed to be inserted into or extracted
from streams. Mini languages as used with tt(printf) cannot be extended.
    it() The usage of the left-shift and right-shift operators in the context
of the streams illustrates yet another capability of bf(C++): operator
overloading allowing us to redefine the actions an operator performs in
certain contexts. Ascending from bf(C) operator overloading requires some
getting used, but after a short little while these overloaded operators feel
rather comfortable.
    it() Streams are independent of the media they operate upon. This (at this
point somewhat abstract) notion means that the same code can be used without
em(any) modification at all to interface your code to em(any) kind of
device. The code using streams can be used when the device is a file on disk;
an Internet connection; a digital camera; a DVD device; a satellite link; and
much more: you name it. Streams allow your code to be decoupled (independent)
of the devices your code is supposed to operate on, which eases maintenance
and allows reuse of the same code in new situations.
    )
    The em(iostream library) has a lot more to offer than just tt(cin, cout)
and tt(cerr). In chapter ref(IOStreams) em(iostreams) will be covered in
greater detail. Even though ti(printf) and friends can still be used in
bf(C++) programs, streams have practically replaced the old-style bf(C)
tt(I/O) functions like tt(printf). If you em(think) you still need to use
tt(printf) and related functions, think again: in that case you've probably
not yet completely grasped the possibilities of stream objects.