nested classes: not in-class, building iterators updated accordingly

annotations/yo/classtemplates/examples/stringptr.h

@@ -9,10 +9,26 @@
 class StringPtr: public std::vector<std::string *>
 {
     public:
-    class iterator: public
+        class iterator;
+        typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
+
+    iterator begin();
+    iterator end();
+    reverse_iterator rbegin();
+    reverse_iterator rend();
+};
+
+class StringPtr::iterator: public
         std::iterator<std::random_access_iterator_tag, std::string>
-    {
+{
     friend class StringPtr;
+
+    friend bool operator==(iterator const &lhs, iterator const &rhs);
+    friend int operator-(iterator const &lhs, iterator const &rhs);
+    friend bool operator<(iterator const &lhs, iterator const &rhs);
+    friend iterator operator+(iterator const &lhs, int step);
+    friend iterator operator-(iterator const &lhs, int step);
+
     std::vector<std::string *>::iterator d_current;
 
     iterator(std::vector<std::string *>::iterator const &current);
@@ -22,26 +38,14 @@ class StringPtr: public std::vector<std::string *>
         iterator operator--(int);
         iterator &operator++();
         iterator operator++(int);
-            bool operator==(iterator const &other) const;
+
-            bool operator!=(iterator const &other) const;
-            int operator-(iterator const &rhs) const;
-            std::string &operator*() const;
-            bool operator<(iterator const &other) const;
-            iterator operator+(int step) const;
-            iterator operator-(int step) const;
         iterator &operator+=(int step); // increment over `n' steps
         iterator &operator-=(int step); // decrement over `n' steps
+
+        std::string &operator*() const;
         std::string *operator->() const;// access the fields of the
                                         // struct an iterator points
                                         // to. E.g., it->length()
-    };
-
-    typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
-
-    iterator begin();
-    iterator end();
-    reverse_iterator rbegin();
-    reverse_iterator rend();
 };
 //=
 
@@ -80,21 +84,24 @@ inline StringPtr::iterator StringPtr::iterator::operator++(int)
 }
 //=
 //OPEQ
-inline bool StringPtr::iterator::operator==(iterator const &other) const
+inline bool operator==(StringPtr::iterator const &lhs, 
+                       StringPtr::iterator const &rhs)
 {
-    return d_current == other.d_current;
+    return lhs.d_current == rhs.d_current;
 }
 //=
 //OPNEQ
-inline bool StringPtr::iterator::operator!=(iterator const &other) const
+inline bool operator!=(StringPtr::iterator const &lhs, 
+                       StringPtr::iterator const &rhs)
 {
-    return d_current != other.d_current;
+    return not (lhs == rhs);
 }
 //=
 //OPSUB
-inline int StringPtr::iterator::operator-(iterator const &rhs) const
+inline int operator-(StringPtr::iterator const &lhs,
+                     StringPtr::iterator const &rhs)
 {
-    return d_current - rhs.d_current;
+    return lhs.d_current - rhs.d_current;
 }
 //=
 //OP*
@@ -104,21 +111,26 @@ inline std::string &StringPtr::iterator::operator*() const
 }
 //=
 //CMP
-inline bool StringPtr::iterator::operator<(iterator const &other) const
+inline bool operator<(StringPtr::iterator const &lhs, 
+                      StringPtr::iterator const &rhs)
 {
-    return d_current < other.d_current;
+    return lhs.d_current < rhs.d_current;
 }
 //=
 //OPADD
-inline StringPtr::iterator StringPtr::iterator::operator+(int step) const
+inline StringPtr::iterator operator+(StringPtr::iterator const &lhs, int step)
 {
-    return iterator(d_current + step);
+    StringPtr::iterator ret{ lhs };
+    ret.d_current += step;          // avoids ambiguity
+    return ret;
 }
 //=
 //OP-
-inline StringPtr::iterator StringPtr::iterator::operator-(int step) const
+inline StringPtr::iterator operator-(StringPtr::iterator const &lhs, int step)
 {
-    return iterator(d_current - step);
+    StringPtr::iterator ret{ lhs };
+    ret.d_current -= step;          // avoids ambiguity
+    return ret;
 }
 //=
 //OPARITH

annotations/yo/nested/nestedfriends.yo

@@ -2,14 +2,16 @@ To grant nested classes access rights to the private members of other nested
 classes, or to grant a surrounding class access to the private members of its
 nested classes the hi(friend: nested classes)tt(friend) keyword must be used.
 
-Note that no friend declaration is required to grant a nested class access to
+No friend declaration is required to grant a nested class access to the
-the private members of its surrounding class. After all, a nested class is a
+private members of its surrounding class. Static members of the surrounding
-type defined by its surrounding class and as such objects of the nested class
+class can directly be accessed, other members can be accessed if a surrounding
-are members of the outer class and thus can access all the outer class's
+class object is defined by or passed to members of the nested class. After
-members. Here is an example showing this principle. The example won't compile
+all, a nested class is a type defined by its surrounding class and as such
-as members of the class tt(Extern) are denied access to tt(Outer)'s private
+objects of the nested class are members of the outer class and thus can access
-members, but tt(Outer::Inner)'s members em(can) access tt(Outer)'s private
+all the outer class's members. Here is an example showing this principle. The
-members:
+example won't compile as members of the class tt(Extern) are denied access to
+tt(Outer)'s private members, but tt(Outer::Inner)'s members em(can) access
+tt(Outer)'s private members:
         verb(
     class Outer
     {

annotations/yo/nested/nesting.yo

@@ -52,7 +52,42 @@ class definition:
         return d_variable;
     }
         )
-    Here access to the members is defined as follows:
+
+    First note that in the Annotations(), in order to save space, nested class
+interfaces are usually declared inside their surrounding class, as shown
+above. For real-life projects this practice is questionable, as it clobbers
+class interfaces, similarly to providing classes with in-class member
+implementations. Instead of nesting class interfaces put them next to each
+other:
+        verb(
+    class Surround
+    {
+        class SecondWithin;
+
+        public:
+            class FirstWithin;
+    };
+
+    class FirstWithin
+    {
+        int d_variable;
+
+        public:
+            FirstWithin();
+            int var() const;
+    };
+
+    class SecondWithin
+    {
+        int d_variable;
+
+        public:
+            SecondWithin();
+            int var() const;
+    };
+        )
+
+    For these three classes access to members is defined as follows:
         itemization(
         it() The class tt(FirstWithin) is visible outside and inside
 tt(Surround). The class tt(FirstWithin) thus has  global visibility.
@@ -75,21 +110,24 @@ tt(SecondWithin) directly.
         it() As always, an object of the class type is required before
 its members can be called. This also holds true for nested classes.
         )
-    To grant  the surrounding class access rights to the private members
+    To grant the surrounding class access rights to the private members of a
-of its nested classes or to grant nested classes access rights to the
+nested class the nested class may declare its surrounding class as a
-private members of the surrounding class, the classes can be defined as
+friend. Conversely, as nested classes can be considered members of their
-tt(friend) classes (see section ref(NESTEDFRIENDS)).
+surrounding class their member functions have full access to the outer class
+members, if they are provided with an outer class object (see section
+ref(NESTEDFRIENDS)).
 
-    Nested classes can be considered members of the surrounding class, but
+    Although nested classes can be considered members of the surrounding
-members of nested classes are em(not) members of the surrounding class. So, a
+class, members of nested classes are em(not) members of the surrounding
-member of the class tt(Surround) may not access tt(FirstWithin::var)
+class: members of the class tt(Surround) may not directly call
-directly. This is understandable considering that a tt(Surround) object is not
+tt(FirstWithin::var). This is understandable considering that a
-also a tt(FirstWithin) or tt(SecondWithin) object. In fact, nested classes are
+tt(Surround) object is not also a tt(FirstWithin) or tt(SecondWithin)
-just typenames. It is not implied that objects of such classes automatically
+object. In fact, nested classes are just typenames. It is not implied that
-exist in the surrounding class. If a member of the surrounding class should
+objects of such classes automatically exist in the surrounding class. If a
-use a (non-static) member of a nested class then the surrounding class must
+member of the surrounding class should use a (non-static) member of a nested
-define a nested class object, which can thereupon be used by the members of
+class then the surrounding class must define a nested class object, which can
-the surrounding class to use members of the nested class.
+thereupon be used by the members of the surrounding class to use members of
+the nested class.
 
     For example, in the following class definition there is a surrounding
 class tt(Outer) and a nested class tt(Inner). The class tt(Outer) contains a