{
        "title": "Cooperative Software Development",
        "authors": ["[Amy J. Ko|https://faculty.washington.edu/ajko/]"],
        "contributors": ["[Benjamin Xie|http://benjixie.com]"],
        "license": "[Creative Commons Attribution-NoDeriviatives 4.0|https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/]",
        "cover": ["cover.jpg", "A photograph of a racially and gender diverse team of six making decisions.", "Software engineering is inherently social.", "Shutterstock"],
        "unknown": ["error.png", "A screen shot of a Linux operating system kernel panic", "Uh oh, something went wrong.", "William Pina"],
        "description": "This book is an introduction to the many human, social, and political aspects of software engineering. It's unique in two ways. First, unlike many software engineering books, it explictly avoids centering technical questions about software engineering, instead focusing on the many ways that software engineering work is cognitive, social, and organizational. Second, it does so by engaging extensively with academic research literature, summarizing key findings, but also questioning them, opening a dialog about the nature of software engineering work and the many factors that shape it. Anyone that reads it will be better prepared to critically engage in creating software in teams.\n\nThis book is a living document. Do you see ways to improve it? [Submit an issue|https://github.com/amyjko/cooperative-software-development/issues] or a [pull request|https://github.com/amyjko/cooperative-software-development/pulls] to its [GitHub repository|https://github.com/amyjko/cooperative-software-development].\n\n_This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0952733. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation._",
        "chapters": [
                ["History", "history", "Hamilton.jpg", "Margaret Hamilton working on the Apollo flight software.", "Margaret Hamilton working on the Apollo flight software.", "NASA"],
                ["Organizations", "organizations", "team.jpg", "A software team hard at work", "Early days at the author's software startup in 2012.", "Amy J. Ko"],
                ["Communication", "communication", "communication.png", "A man and a woman having a conversation", "Clear and timely communication is at the heart of effective software engineering.", "Public domain"],
                ["Productivity", "productivity", "productivity.jpg", "A women working at a laptop", "Productivity isn't just about working fast.", "Creative Commons CC0"],
                ["Quality", "quality", "zoho.jpg", "A screenshot of the Zoho issue tracker.", "Software quality is multidimensional and often coursely measured through issue trackers like this one.", "Zoho, Inc."],
                ["Requirements", "requirements", "scaffolding.jpg", "An architectural structure showing the framework of a glass structure", "Requirements specify what software must do, constraining, focusing, and defining it's successful functioning.", "Public domain"],
                ["Architecture", "architecture", "church.jpg", "A photograph of a church hallway with arches.", "Architecture is how code is organized", "Creative Commons 0"],
                ["Specifications", "specifications", "blueprint.jpg", "A blueprint for an architectural plan", "Specifications add a layer of detail onto architectural plans.", "Public domain"],
                ["Process", "process", "flow.jpg", "A photograph of a river", "Good process is like a river, seamlessly flowing around obstacles", "Public domain"],
                ["Comprehension", "comprehension", "network.png", "A visualization of many interconnected node", "Program comprehension is about understanding dependencies", "Public domain"],
                ["Verification", "verification", "check.png", "A check mark", "Have you met your requirements? How do you know?", "Public domain"],
                ["Monitoring", "monitoring", "monitoring.jpg", "A photograph of a lifeguide monitoring a beach.", "It's not always easy to see software fail.", "Public domain"],
                ["Evolution", "evolution", "atsign.png", "Four variations on an at sign.", "Software changes and that requires planning.", "Public domain"],
                ["Debugging", "debugging", "swatter.png", "An illustration of a fly swatter.", "Debugging is inevitable because defects are inevitable", "Public domain"]
	],
	"revisions": [
                ["September 2020", "Migrated to [Peruse|https://github.com/amyjko/peruse]."],
                ["July 2020", "Revised all chapters to address racism, sexism, and ableism in software engineering."],
                ["July 2019", "Incorporated newly published work from ICSE, ESEC/FSE, SIGCSE, TSE, and TOSEM."],
                ["July 2018", "Incorporated newly published work from ICSE, ESEC/FSE, SIGCSE, TSE, and TOSEM."],
                ["July 2017", "First draft of the book release."]
        ],
        "sources": {
                "ASE": "IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering",
                "CACM": "Communications of the ACM",
                "ESE": "Empirical Software Engineering",
                "ICSE": "ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering",
                "FSE": "ACM SIGSOFT Foundations of Software Engineering (FSE)",
                "TSE": "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering",
                "CHI": "ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing (CHI)",
                "CHASE": "International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering",
                "ICPC": "IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC)",
                "SED": "Software Engineering Daily Podcast",
                "ESECFSE": "ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE)",
                "CSCW": "ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)",
                "Software": "IEEE Software",
                "Computer": "IEEE Computer",
                "SEN": "ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes",
                "TOSEM": "ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM)",
                "VL/HCC": "IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)",
                "SEIP": "ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering, Software Engineering in Practice",
                "SIGCSE": "ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education",
                "Surveys": "ACM Computing Surveys"
        },
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                ],
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                ],                    
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                ],
                "bertram10": [
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                ],
                "bettenburg08": [
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                ],
                "bettenburg13": [
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                ],
                "bhattacharya11": [
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                ],                    
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                ],    
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                ],
                "brindescu14": [
                        "Caius Brindescu, Mihai Codoban, Sergii Shmarkatiuk, and Danny Dig", 2014,
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                ],
                "brooks95": [
                        "Fred P. Brooks", 1995, 
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                        "https://books.google.com/books?id=Yq35BY5Fk3gC"
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                "callaú13": [
                       "Oscar Callaú, Romain Robbes, Éric Tanter, David Röthlisberger", 2013,
                        "How (and why) developers use the dynamic features of programming languages: the case of Smalltalk", "#ESE",
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                ],
                "casalnuovo15": [
                        "Casey Casalnuovo, Bogdan Vasilescu, Premkumar Devanbu, and Vladimir Filkov", 2015, 
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                    ],
                "casalnuovo15b": [
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                ],
                "chedeua15": [
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                "chilana13": [
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                ],
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                "coelho17": [
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                "dibella13": [
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                ],
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                ], 
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                ],
                "ebert15": [
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                ],
                "ernst15": [
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                ],
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                ],
                "fucci16": [
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                "grabner16": [
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                ],
                "green89": [
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                "grossman09": [
                        "Tovi Grossman, George Fitzmaurice, Ramtin Attar", 2009, 
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                ],
                "grudin17": [
                        "Grudin, Jonathan ", 2017, "From Tool to Partner: The Evolution of Human-Computer Interaction", "", "https://books.google.com/books?id=Wc3hDQAAQBAJ"
                ],
                "hanenberg13": [
                        "Stefan Hanenberg, Sebastian Kleinschmager, Romain Robbes, Éric Tanter, Andreas Stefik", 2013,
                        "An empirical study on the impact of static typing on software maintainability", "#ESE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-013-9289-1"
                ],
                "herbsleb03": [
                        "James D. Herbsleb and Audris Mockus", 2003, 
                        "Formulation and preliminary test of an empirical theory of coordination in software engineering", "#ESECFSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/940071.940091"
                ],
                "herbsleb16": [
                        "James Herbsleb", 2016, 
                        "Building a socio-technical theory of coordination: why and how", "#FSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2950290.2994160"
                ],
                "hilton16": [
                        "Michael Hilton, Timothy Tunnell, Kai Huang, Darko Marinov, Danny Dig", 2016, 
                        "Usage, costs, and benefits of continuous integration in open-source projects", "#ASE", 
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                ],
                "hoda10": [
                        "Rashina Hoda, James Noble, and Stuart Marshall", 2010, 
                        "Organizing self-organizing teams", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/1806799.1806843"
                ],
                "hoda17": [
                        "Rashina Hoda, James Noble", 2017, 
                        "Becoming agile: a grounded theory of agile transitions in practice", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2017.21"
                ],
                "ivory01": [
                        "Melody Y. Ivory, Marti A. Hearst", 2001, 
                        "The state of the art in automating usability evaluation of user interfaces", "#Surveys", 
                        "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/503112.503114"
                ],
                "jackson01": [
                        "Michael Jackson", 2001, 
                        "Problem frames", "Addison-Wesley", 
                        "https://books.google.com/books?id=8fqIP83Q2IAC"
                ],
                "johnson13": [
                        "Brittany Johnson, Yoonki Song, Emerson Murphy-Hill, and Robert Bowdidge", 2013,
                        "Why don't software developers use static analysis tools to find bugs?", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2013.6606613"
                ],
                "johnson15": [
                        "Brittany Johnson, Rahul Pandita, Emerson Murphy-Hill, and Sarah Heckman", 2015, 
                        "Bespoke tools: adapted to the concepts developers know", "#ESECFSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2786805.2803197"
                ],
                "kalliamvakou17": [
                        "Eirini Kalliamvakou, Christian Bird, Thomas Zimmermann, Andrew Begel, Robert DeLine, Daniel M. German", 2017,
                        "What makes a great manager of software engineers?", "#TSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2017.2768368"
                ],
                "kay96": [
                        "Alan C. Kay", 1996, 
                        "The early history of Smalltalk", "History of programming languages II",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/234286.1057828"
                ],
                "kenney00": [
                        "Kenney, M", 2000,
                        "Understanding Silicon Valley: The anatomy of an entrepreneurial region", "Stanford University Press."
                ],
                "kernighan16": [
                        "Brian Kernighan", 2016,
                        "Language Design with Brian Kernighan", "#SED",
                        "https://softwareengineeringdaily.com/2016/01/06/language-design-with-brian-kernighan/"
                ],
                "kersten06": [
                        "Mik Kersten and Gail C. Murphy", 2006, 
                        "Using task context to improve programmer productivity", "#FSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1181775.1181777"
                ],
                "khadka14": [
                        "Ravi Khadka, Belfrit V. Batlajery, Amir M. Saeidi, Slinger Jansen, and Jurriaan Hage", 2014, 
                        "How do professionals perceive legacy systems and software modernization?", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568318"
                ],
                "kim12": [
                        "Miryung Kim, Thomas Zimmermann, and Nachiappan Nagappan", 2012, 
                        "A field study of refactoring challenges and benefits", "#FSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2393596.2393655"
                ],
                "kim16": [
                        "Miryung Kim, Thomas Zimmermann, Robert DeLine, and Andrew Begel", 2016, 
                        "The emerging role of data scientists on software development teams", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2884781.2884783"
                ],
                "ko04": [
                        "Amy J. Ko, Brad A. Myers, Htet Htet Aung", 2004,
                        "Six learning barriers in end-user programming systems", "#VL/HCC",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/VLHCC.2004.47"
                ],
                "ko05": [
                        "Amy J. Ko, Htet Htet Aung, Brad A. Myers ", 2005,
                        "Eliciting design requirements for maintenance-oriented IDEs: a detailed ttudy of corrective and perfective maintenance tasks", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/1062455.1062492"
                ],                        
                "ko05b": [
                        "Amy J. Ko, Brad A. Myers", 2005, 
                        "A framework and methodology for studying the causes of software errors in programming systems", "Journal of Visual Languages & Computing", 
                        "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvlc.2004.08.003"
                ],
                "ko07": [
                        "Amy J. Ko, Rob DeLine, and Gina Venolia ", 2007, 
                        "Information needs in collocated software development teams", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2007.45"
                ],
                "ko08": [
                        "Amy J. Ko and Brad A. Myers", 2008, 
                        "Debugging reinvented: asking and answering why and why not questions about program behavior", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1368088.1368130"
                ],
                "ko09": [
                        "Amy J. Ko and Brad A. Myers ", 2009, 
                        "Finding causes of program output with the Java Whyline", "#CHI",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1518942"
                ],
                "ko17": [
                        "Amy J. Ko", 2017, 
                        "A Three-Year Participant Observation of Software Startup Software Evolution", "#SEIP",
                        "https://faculty.washington.edu/ajko/papers/Ko2017AnswerDashReflection.pdf"
                ],
                "ko19": [
                        "Amy J. Ko, Thomas D. LaToza, Stephen Hull, Ellen A. Ko, William Kwok, Jane Quichocho, Harshitha Akkaraju, and Rishin Pandit", 2019, 
                        "Teaching explicit programming strategies to adolescents", "#SIGCSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/3287324.3287371"
                ],
                "kocaguneli13": [
                        "Ekrem Kocaguneli, Thomas Zimmermann, Christian Bird, Nachiappan Nagappan, and Tim Menzies", 2013, 
                        "Distributed development considered harmful?", "#ICSE", 
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2013.6606637"
                ],
                "kononenko16": [
                        "Oleksii Kononenko, Olga Baysal, and Michael W. Godfrey", 2016, 
                        "Code review quality: how developers see it", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2884781.2884840"
                ],
                "lamsweerde08": [
                        "Axel van Lamsweerde", 2008, 
                        "Requirements engineering: from craft to discipline", "#FSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1453101.1453133"
                ],
                "latoza06": [
                        "Thomas D. LaToza, Gina Venolia, and Robert DeLine", 2006, 
                        "Maintaining mental models: a study of developer work habits", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1134285.1134355"
                ],
                "latoza07": [
                        "Thomas D. LaToza, David Garlan, James D. Herbsleb, and Brad A. Myers", 2007, 
                        "Program comprehension as fact finding", "#ESECFSE", 
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1287624.1287675"
                ],
                "latoza10": [
                        "Thomas D. LaToza, Brad A. Myers", 2010, 
                        "Developers ask reachability questions", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1806799.1806829"
                ],
                "latoza20": [
                        "Thomas D. LaToza, Maryam Arab, Dastyni Loksa, Amy J. Ko", 2020, 
                        "Explicit programming strategies", "#ESE", 
                        "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-020-09810-1"
                ],
                "lavallee15": [
                        "Mathieu Lavallee and Pierre N. Robillard", 2015, 
                        "Why good developers write bad code: an observational case study of the impacts of organizational factors on software quality", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2818754.2818837"
                ],
                "lawrie06": [
                        "Lawrie, D., Morrell, C., Feild, H., & Binkley, D", 2006, 
                        "What's in a name? A study of identifiers", "#ICPC", 
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPC.2006.51"
                ],
                "lee03": [
                        "Gwendolyn K. Lee, Robert E. Cole", 2003, 
                        "From a firm-based to a community-based model of knowledge creation: The case of the Linux kernel development", "Organization science", 
                        "http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.14.6.633.24866"
                ],
                "li15": [
                        "Paul Luo Li, Amy J. Ko, and Jiamin Zhu", 2015, 
                        "What makes a great software engineer?", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2818839"
                ],
                "li17": [
                        "Paul Luo Li, Amy J. Ko, and Andrew Begel", 2017, 
                        "Cross-disciplinary perspectives on collaborations with software engineers", "#CHASE", 
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/CHASE.2017.3"
                ],
                "maalej14": [
                        "Walid Maalej, Rebecca Tiarks, Tobias Roehm, and Rainer Koschke", 2014, 
                        "On the comprehension of program comprehension", "#TOSEM", 
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2622669"
                ],
                "mader15": [
                        "Patrick Mäder, Alexander Egyed ", 2015, 
                        "Do developers benefit from requirements traceability when evolving and maintaining a software system?", "#ESE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-014-9314-z"
                ],
                "mamykina11": [
                        "Lena Mamykina, Bella Manoim, Manas Mittal, George Hripcsak, and Björn Hartmann", 2011, 
                        "Design lessons from the fastest Q&A site in the west", "#CHI",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979366"
                ],
                "mark08": [
                        "Gloria Mark, Daniela Gudith, and Ulrich Klocke", 2008, 
                        "The cost of interrupted work: more speed and stress", "#CHI",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357072"
                ],
                "maxion00": [
                        "Maxion, Roy A., and Robert T. Olszewski", 2000,
                        "Eliminating exception handling errors with dependability cases: a comparative, empirical study", "#TSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/32.877848"
                ],
                "may19": [
                        "Anna May, Johannes Wachs, Anikó Hannák ", 2019, 
                        "Gender differences in participation and reward on Stack Overflow", "#ESE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-019-09685-x"
                ],
                "mccarthy78": [
                        "John McCarthy", 1978, 
                        "History of LISP", "History of Programming Languages I",
                        "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1198360"
                ],
                "mcilwain19": [
                        "Charlton D. McIlwain", 2019, 
                        "Black software: the internet and racial justice, from the AfroNet to Black Lives Matter", "Oxford University Press", 
                        "https://global.oup.com/academic/product/black-software-9780190863845?cc=us&lang=en&"
                ],
                "meneely11": [
                        "Andrew Meneely, Pete Rotella, and Laurie Williams", 2011, 
                        "Does adding manpower also affect quality? An empirical, longitudinal analysis", "#ESECFSE", 
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2025113.2025128"
                ],
                "menzies13": [
                        "Tim Menzies, Tom Zimmermann", 2013,
                        "Software analytics: so what?", "#Software",
                        "https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MS.2013.86"
                ],
                "metcalf02": [
                        "Michael Metcalf", 2002, 
                        "History of Fortran", "ACM SIGPLAN Fortran Forum", 
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/602376.602379"
                ],
                "meyer17": [
                        "André N. Meyer, Laura E. Barton, Gail C. Murphy, Thomas Zimmermann, Thomas Fritz", 2017, 
                        "The work life of developers: Activities, switches and perceived productivity", "#TSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2017.2656886"
                ],
                "milewski07": [
                        "Allen E. Milewski", 2007, 
                        "Global and task effects in information-seeking among software engineers", "#ESE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-007-9036-6"
                ],
                "mockus02": [
                        "Audris Mockus and James D. Herbsleb", 2002, 
                        "Expertise browser: a quantitative approach to identifying expertise", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/581339.581401"
                ],
                "mockus10": [
                        "Audris Mockus", 2010, 
                        "Organizational volatility and its effects on software defects", "#FSE",
                        "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1882291.1882311"
                ],
                "mohanani14": [
                        "Rahul Mohanani, Paul Ralph, and Ben Shreeve", 2014, 
                        "Requirements fixation", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568235"
                ],
                "murphy14": [
                        "Emerson Murphy-Hill, Thomas Zimmermann, and Nachiappan Nagappan", 2014, 
                        "Cowboys, ankle sprains, and keepers of quality: how is video game development different from software development?", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568226"
                ],
                "murphyhill09": [
                        "Emerson Murphy-Hill, Chris Parnin, and Andrew P. Black", 2009, 
                        "How we refactor, and how we know it", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2009.5070529"
                ],
                "murphyhill13": [
                        "Emerson Murphy-Hill, Thomas Zimmermann, Christian Bird, and Nachiappan Nagappan", 2013, 
                        "The design of bug fixes", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2486833"
                ],
                "müller03": [
                        "Matthias M. Müller and Frank Padberg", 2003,
                        "On the economic evaluation of XP projects", "#ESECFSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/940071.940094"
                ],
                "nelson19": [
                        "Nicholas Nelson, Caius Brindescu, Shane McKee, Anita Sarma & Danny Dig", 2019,
                        "The life-cycle of merge conflicts: processes, barriers, and strategies", "#ESE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9674-x"
                ],
                "ng06": [
                        "T. H. Ng, S. C. Cheung, W. K. Chan, and Y. T. Yu", 2006, 
                        "Work experience versus refactoring to design patterns: a controlled experiment", "#FSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1181775.1181778"
                ],
                "norris17": [
                        "Jeff Norris", 2016,
                        "Tech leadership with Jeff Norris", "#SED",
                        "https://softwareengineeringdaily.com/2016/09/22/tech-leadership-with-jeff-norris/"
                ],
                "northrup16": [
                        "Ben Northup", 2016,
                        "Reflections of an old programmer", "#SED",
                        "https://softwareengineeringdaily.com/2016/11/09/reflections-of-an-old-programmer-with-ben-northrup/"
                ],
                "osterwalder15": [
                        "Alexander Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur, Gregory Bernarda, Alan Smith", 2015, 
                        "Value proposition design: how to create products and services customers want", "John Wiley & Sons", 
                        "https://books.google.com/books?id=jgu5BAAAQBAJ"
                ],
                "overney20": [
                        "Cassandra Overney, Jens Meinicke, Christian Kästner, Bogdan Vasilescu", 2020, 
                        "How to not get rich: an empirical study of donations in open source", "#ICSE",
                        "https://cmustrudel.github.io/papers/overney20donations.pdf"
                ],
                "parnas86": [
                        "David L Parnas, Paul C. Clements", 1986, 
                        "A rational design process: How and why to fake it", "#TSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.1986.6312940"
                ],
                "perlow99": [
                        "Leslie A. Perlow", 1999, 
                        "The time famine: Toward a sociology of work time", "Administrative science quarterly", 
                        "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2307/2667031"
                ],
                "petre13": [
                        "Marian Petre", 2013, 
                        "UML in practice", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568285"
                ],
                "petre16": [
                        "Marian Petre, André van der Hoek", 2016, 
                        "Software design decoded: 66 ways experts think", "MIT Press", 
                        "https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/EVE4DQAAQBAJ"
                ],
                "pettersen16": [
                        "Tim Pettersen", 2016,
                        "Git Workflows with Tim Pettersen", "#SED",
                        "https://softwareengineeringdaily.com/2016/04/06/git-workflows-tim-pettersen/"
                ],
                "pham14": [
                        "Raphael Pham, Stephan Kiesling, Olga Liskin, Leif Singer, and Kurt Schneider", 2014, 
                        "Enablers, inhibitors, and perceptions of testing in novice software teams", "#FSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2635868.2635925"
                ],
                "phillips14": [
                        "Shaun Phillips, Thomas Zimmermann, and Christian Bird", 2014, 
                        "Understanding and improving software build teams", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568274"
                ],
                "pikkarainen98": [
                        "M. Pikkarainen, J. Haikara, O. Salo, P. Abrahamsson, J. Still", 2008, 
                        "The impact of agile practices on communication in software development", "#ESE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-008-9065-9"
                ],
                "potvin16": [
                        "Rachel Potvin, Josh Levenberg", 2016,
                        "Why Google stores billions of lines of code in a single repository", "#CACM",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2854146"
                ],
                "prince17": [
                        "Suzie Prince", 2017,
                        "Product management with Suzie Prince", "#SED",
                        "https://softwareengineeringdaily.com/2017/01/18/product-management-with-suzie-prince/"
                ],
                "procaccino05": [
                        "J. Drew Procaccino, June M. Verner, Katherine M. Shelfer, David Gefen", 2005, 
                        "What do software practitioners really think about project success: an exploratory study", "Journal of Systems and Software", 
                        "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2004.12.011"
                ],
                "qiu13": [
                        "Dong Qiu, Bixin Li, and Zhendong Su", 2013, 
                        "An empirical analysis of the co-evolution of schema and code in database applications", "#ESECFSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2491411.2491431"
                ],
                "qureshi16": [
                        "Haseeb Qureshi", 2016,
                        "Debugging stories with Haseeb Qureshi", "#SED",
                        "https://softwareengineeringdaily.com/2016/11/19/debugging-stories-with-haseeb-qureshi/"
                ],
                "ralph14": [
                        "Paul Ralph and Paul Kelly", 2014, 
                        "The dimensions of software engineering success", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568261"
                ],
                "ramasubbu11": [
                        "Narayan Ramasubbu, Marcelo Cataldo, Rajesh Krishna Balan, and James D. Herbsleb", 2011, 
                        "Configuring global software teams: a multi-company analysis of project productivity, quality, and profits", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/1985793.1985830"
                ],
                "ray14": [
                        "Baishakhi Ray, Daryl Posnett, Vladimir Filkov, and Premkumar Devanbu", 2014, 
                        "A large scale study of programming languages and code quality in GitHub", "#FSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2635868.2635922"
                ],
                "rice16": [
                        "David Rice", 2016,
                        "Continuous delivery with David Rice", "#SED",
                        "https://softwareengineeringdaily.com/2016/10/10/continuous-delivery-with-david-rice/"
                ],
                "rigby11": [
                        "Peter C. Rigby and Margaret-Anne Storey", 2011, 
                        "Understanding broadcast based peer review on open source software projects", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/1985793.1985867"
                ],
                "rigby13": [
                        "Peter C. Rigby and Christian Bird", 2013, 
                        "Convergent contemporary software peer review practices", "#ESECFSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2491411.2491444"
                ],
                "rigby16": [
                        "Peter C. Rigby, Yue Cai Zhu, Samuel M. Donadelli, and Audris Mockus", 2016, 
                        "Quantifying and mitigating turnover-induced knowledge loss: case studies of chrome and a project at Avaya", 
                        "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2884781.2884851"
                ],
                "roehm12": [
                        "Tobias Roehm, Rebecca Tiarks, Rainer Koschke, and Walid Maalej", 2012,
                        "How do professional developers comprehend software?", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2012.6227188"
                ],
                "rothermel96": [
                        "Gregg G. Rothermel, Mary Jean Harrold", 1996, 
                        "Analyzing regression test selection techniques", "#TSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/32.536955"
                ],
                "rubin16": [
                        "Julia Rubin and Martin Rinard", 2016, 
                        "The challenges of staying together while moving fast: an exploratory study", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2884781.2884871"
                ],
                "runeson06": [
                        "Per Runeson", 2006, 
                        "A survey of unit testing practices", "#Software",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2006.91"
                ],
                "salvaneschi14": [
                        "Guido Salvaneschi, Sven Amann, Sebastian Proksch, and Mira Mezini", 2014,
                        "An empirical study on program comprehension with reactive programming", "#FSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2635868.2635895"
                ],
                "santos16": [
                        "Ronnie E. S. Santos, Fabio Q. B. da Silva, Cleyton V. C. de Magalhães, and Cleviton V. F. Monteiro", 2016, 
                        "Building a theory of job rotation in software engineering from an instrumental case study", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2884781.2884837"
                ],
                "schiller14": [
                        "Todd W. Schiller, Kellen Donohue, Forrest Coward, and Michael D. Ernst", 2014, 
                        "Case studies and tools for contract specifications", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568285"
                ],
                "seaman97": [
                        "Carolyn B. Seaman and Victor R. Basili", 1997, 
                        "An empirical study of communication in code inspections", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/253228.253248"
                ],
                "sedano17": [
                        "Todd Sedano, Paul Ralph, Cécile Péraire", 2017, 
                        "Software development waste", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2017.20"
                ],
                "sfetsos09": [
                        "Panagiotis Sfetsos, Ioannis Stamelos, Lefteris Angelis, Ignatios Deligiannis ", 2009, 
                        "An experimental investigation of personality types impact on pair effectiveness in pair programming", "#ESE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-008-9093-5"
                ],
                "sharp04": [
                        "Helen Sharp, Hugh Robinson", 2004, 
                        "An ethnographic study of XP practice", "#ESE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMSE.0000039884.79385.54"
                ],
                "shetterly17": [
                        "Margot Lee Shetterly", 2017,
                        "Hidden figures: the American dream and the untold story of the Black women mathematicians who helped win the space race", "HarperCollins Nordic",
                        "https://www.harpercollins.com/products/hidden-figures-margot-lee-shetterly?variant=32132873093154"
                ],
                "shrestha20": [
                        "Shrestha, N., Botta, C., Barik, T., & Parnin, C", 2020, 
                        "Here we go again: why is it difficult for developers to learn another programming language?", "#ICSE",
                        "http://nischalshrestha.me/docs/cross_language_interference.pdf"
                ],
                "sillito06": [
                        "Jonathan Sillito, Gail C. Murphy, and Kris De Volder", 2006,
                        "Questions programmers ask during software evolution tasks", "#FSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1181775.1181779"
                ],
                "silva16": [
                        "Danilo Silva, Nikolaos Tsantalis, and Marco Tulio Valente", 2016, 
                        "Why we refactor? Confessions of GitHub contributors", "#FSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2950290.2950305"
                ],
                "singer14": [
                        "Leif Singer, Fernando Figueira Filho, and Margaret-Anne Storey", 2014, 
                        "Software engineering at the speed of light: how developers stay current using Twitter", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568305"
                ],
                "smite10": [
                        "Darja Šmite, Claes Wohlin, Tony Gorschek, Robert Feldt ", 2010, 
                        "Empirical evidence in global software engineering: a systematic review", "#ESE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-009-9123-y"
                ],
                "somers17": [
                        "James Somers", 2017, 
                        "The coming software apocalypse", "The Atlantic Monthly", 
                        "https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/09/saving-the-world-from-code/540393/"
                ],
                "sommerville97": [
                        "Ian Sommerville, Pete Sawyer", 1997, 
                        "Requirements engineering: a good practice guide", "John Wiley & Sons, Inc", 
                        "https://books.google.com/books?id=5NnP-VODEc8C"
                ],
                "stefik13": [
                        "Andreas Stefik and Susanna Siebert", 2013,
                        "An Empirical Investigation into Programming Language Syntax", "ACM Transactions on Computing Education",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2534973"
                ],
                "stol14": [
                        "Klaas-Jan Stol and Brian Fitzgerald", 2014, 
                        "Two's company, three's a crowd: a case study of crowdsourcing software development", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568249"
                ],
                "stroustrup96": [
                        "Bjarn Stroustrup, B", 1996, 
                        "A history of C++: 1979--1991", "History of programming languages II",
                        "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1057836"
                ],
                "stylos08": [
                        "Jeffrey Stylos and Brad A. Myers", 2008, 
                        "The implications of method placement on API learnability", "#FSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1453101.1453117"
                ],
                "syedabdullah06": [
                        "Sharifah Syed-Abdullah, Mike Holcombe & Marian Gheorge", 2006, 
                        "The impact of an agile methodology on the well being of development teams", "#ESE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-009-9123-y"
                ],
                "tao12": [
                        "Yida Tao, Yingnong Dang, Tao Xie, Dongmei Zhang, and Sunghun Kim", 2012,
                        "How do software engineers understand code changes? An exploratory study in industry", "#FSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2393596.2393656"
                ],
                "thongtanunam16": [
                        "Thongtanunam, P., McIntosh, S., Hassan, A. E., & Iida, H", 2016, 
                        "Review participation in modern code review: An empirical study of the Android, Qt, and OpenStack projects", "#ESE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-016-9452-6"
                ],
                "treude09": [
                        "Christoph Treude and Margaret-Anne Storey", 2009, 
                        "How tagging helps bridge the gap between social and technical aspects in software development", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2009.5070504"
                ],
                "treude10": [
                        "Christoph Treude and Margaret-Anne Storey", 2010, 
                        "Awareness 2.0: staying aware of projects, developers and tasks using dashboards and feeds", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1806799.1806854"
                ],
                "treude11": [
                        "Christoph Treude and Margaret-Anne Storey", 2011, 
                        "Effective communication of software development knowledge through community portals", "#FSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2025113.2025129"
                ],
                "turnbull16": [
                        "James Turnbull", 2016,
                        "The art of monitoring with James Turnbull", "#SED",
                        "https://softwareengineeringdaily.com/2016/07/28/2739/]. Software Engineering Daily."
                ],
                "uemura84": [
                        "Keiji Uemura and Miki Ohori", 1984, 
                        "A cooperative approach to software development by application engineers and software engineers", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=801955"
                ],
                "vanderhoek97": [
                        "André van der Hoek, Richard S. Hall, Dennis Heimbigner, and Alexander L. Wolf", 1997, 
                        "Software release management", "#FSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/267896.267909"
                ],
                "vasilescu15": [
                        "Bogdan Vasilescu, Yue Yu, Huaimin Wang, Premkumar Devanbu, and Vladimir Filkov", 2015, 
                        "Quality and productivity outcomes relating to continuous integration in GitHub", "#ESECFSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/2786805.2786850"
                ],
                "vonmayrhauser94": [
                        "Anneliese von Mayrhauser A. Marie Vans", 1994, 
                        "Comprehension processes during large scale maintenance", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.1994.296764"
                ],
                "vosburgh84": [
                        "J. Vosburgh, B. Curtis, R. Wolverton, B. Albert, H. Malec, S. Hoben, and Y. Liu", 1984, 
                        "Productivity factors and programming environments", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=801963"
                ],
                "wagstrom14": [
                        "Patrick Wagstrom and Subhajit Datta", 2014, 
                        "Does latitude hurt while longitude kills? Geographical and temporal separation in a large scale software development project", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2568225.2568279"
                ],
                "walker12": [
                        "Robert J. Walker, Shreya Rawal, and Jonathan Sillito", 2012, 
                        "Do crosscutting concerns cause modularity problems?", "#FSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2393596.2393654"
                ],
                "wang16": [
                        "Jennifer Wang'", 2016,
                        "Female pursuit of Computer Science with Jennifer Wang", "#SED",
                        "https://softwareengineeringdaily.com/2016/06/13/female-pursuit-computer-science-jennifer-wang/"
                ],
                "washington20": [
                        "Alicia Nicki Washington", 2020, 
                        "When twice as good isn't enough: the case for cultural competence in computing", "#SIGCSE", 
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/3328778.3366792"
                ],
                "weinberg82": [
                        "Gerald M. Weinberg", 1982, 
                        "Over-structured management of software engineering", "#ICSE",
                        "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.5555/800254.807743"
                ],
                "weiser81": [
                        "Mark Weiser", 1981,
                        "Program slicing", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=802557"
                ],
                "wobbrock11": [
                        "Jacob O. Wobbrock, Shaun K. Kane, Krzysztof Z. Gajos, Susumu Harada, and Jon Froehlich", 2011, 
                        "Ability-based design: Concept, principles and examples", "ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/1952383.1952384"
                ],
                "woodcock09": [
                        "Jim Woodcock, Peter Gorm Larsen, Juan Bicarregui, and John Fitzgerald", 2009, 
                        "Formal methods: Practice and experience", "#Surveys", 
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1592434.1592436"
                ],
                "woodfield81": [
                        "Scott N. Woodfield, Hubert E. Dunsmore, and Vincent Y. Shen", 1981, 
                        "The effect of modularization and comments on program comprehension", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=802534"
                ],
                "xia17": [
                        "Xin Xia, Lingfeng Bao, David Lo, Pavneet Singh Kochhar, Ahmed E. Hassan, Zhenchang Xing ", 2017, 
                        "What do developers search for on the web?", "#ESE",
                        "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10664-017-9514-4"
                ],
                "ye03": [
                        "Yunwen Ye and Kouichi Kishida ", 2003, 
                        "Toward an understanding of the motivation Open Source Software developers", "#ICSE",
                        "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=776867"
                ],
                "yin11": [
                        "Zuoning Yin, Ding Yuan, Yuanyuan Zhou, Shankar Pasupathy, and Lakshmi Bairavasundaram", 2011,
                        "How do fixes become bugs?", "#ESECFSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2025113.2025121"
                ],
                "zeller02": [
                        "Andreas Zeller", 2002, 
                        "Isolating cause-effect chains from computer programs", "FSE",
                        "http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/587051.587053"
                ],
                "zeller02b": [
                        "Andreas Zeller, Ralf Hildebrandt", 2002, 
                        "Simplifying and isolating failure-inducing input", "#TSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1109/32.988498"
                ],
                "zeller09": [
                        "Andreas Zeller", 2009, 
                        "Why programs fail: a guide to systematic debugging", "Elsevier", 
                        "https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/_63Bm4LAdDIC"
                ],
                "zhou11": [
                        "Minghui Zhou and Audris Mockus", 2011,
                        "Does the initial environment impact the future of developers?", "#ICSE",
                        "https://doi.org/10.1145/1985793.1985831"
                ]
        }
}