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Michael K 2023-10-10 09:20:09 -04:00
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ This is where *architecture* comes in. Architecture is a way of organizing code,
When encapsulation strategies fail, one can end up with what some affectionately call a "ball of mud" architecture or "spaghetti code". Ball of mud architectures have no apparent organization, which makes it difficult to comprehend how parts of its implementation interact. A more precise concept that can help explain this disorder is *cross-cutting concerns*, which are things like features and functionality that span multiple different components of a system, or even an entire system. There is some evidence that cross-cutting concerns can lead to difficulties in program comprehension and long-term design degradation<walker12>, all of which reduce productivity and increase the risk of defects. As long-lived systems get harder to change, they can take on _technical debt_, which is the degree to which an implementation is out of sync with a team's understanding of what a product is intended to be. Many developers view such debt as emerging from primarily from poor architectural decisions<ernst15>. Over time, this debt can further result in organizational challenges<khadka14>, making change even more difficult.
The preventative solution to this problems is to try to design architecture up front, mitigating the various risks that come from cross-cutting concerns (defects, low modifiability, etc.)<fairbanks10>. A popular method in the 1990's was the [Unified Modeling Language|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language] (UML), which was a series of notations for expressing the architectural design of a system before implementing it. Recent studies show that UML generally not used and generally not universal<petre13>. While these formal representations have generally not been adopted, informal, natural language architectural specifications are still widely used. For example, [Google engineers write design specifications|https://www.industrialempathy.com/posts/design-docs-at-google/] to sort through ambiguities, consider alternatives, and clarify the volume of work required. A study of developers' perceptions of the value of documentation also reinforced that many forms of documentation, including code comments, style guides, requirements specifications, installation guides, and API references, are viewed as critical, and are only viewed as less valuable because teams do not adequately maintain them<aghajani20>.
The preventative solution to this problems is to try to design architecture up front, mitigating the various risks that come from cross-cutting concerns (defects, low modifiability, etc.)<fairbanks10>. A popular method in the 1990's was the [Unified Modeling Language|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language] (UML), which was a series of notations for expressing the architectural design of a system before implementing it. Recent studies show that UML was generally not used and generally not universal<petre13>. While these formal representations have generally not been adopted, informal, natural language architectural specifications are still widely used. For example, [Google engineers write design specifications|https://www.industrialempathy.com/posts/design-docs-at-google/] to sort through ambiguities, consider alternatives, and clarify the volume of work required. A study of developers' perceptions of the value of documentation also reinforced that many forms of documentation, including code comments, style guides, requirements specifications, installation guides, and API references, are viewed as critical, and are only viewed as less valuable because teams do not adequately maintain them<aghajani20>.
More recent developers have investigated ideas of *architectural styles*, which are patterns of interactions and information exchange between encapsulated components. Some common architectural styles include: