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<h1>Architecture</h1>
<div class="lead">Andrew J. Ko</div>
<p>Once you have a sense of what your design must do (in the form of requirements or other less formal specifications), the next big problem is one of organization. How will you order all of the different data, algorithms, and control implied by your requirements? With a small program of a few hundred lines, you can get away without much organization, but as programs scale, they quickly become impossible to manage alone, let alone with multiple developers. Much of this challenge occurs because requirements <em>change</em>, and every time they do, code has to change to accommodate. The more code their is and the more entangled it is, the harder it is to change and more likely you are to break things.</p>
<p>Once you have a sense of what your design must do (in the form of requirements or other less formal specifications), the next big problem is one of organization. How will you order all of the different data, algorithms, and control implied by your requirements? With a small program of a few hundred lines, you can get away without much organization, but as programs scale, they quickly become impossible to manage alone, let alone with multiple developers. Much of this challenge occurs because requirements <em>change</em>, and every time they do, code has to change to accommodate. The more code there is and the more entangled it is, the harder it is to change and more likely you are to break things.</p>
<p>This is where <b>architecture</b> comes in. Architecture is a way of organizing code, just like building architecture is a way of organizing space. The idea of software architecture has at its foundation a principle of <b>information hiding</b>: the less a part of a program knows about other parts of a program, the easier it is to change. The most popular information hiding strategy is <b>encapsulation</b>: this is the idea of designing self-contained abstractions with well-defined interfaces that separate different concerns in a program. Programming languages offer encapsulation support through things like <b>functions</b> and <b>classes</b>, which encapsulate data and functionality together. Another programming language encapsulation method is <b>scoping</b>, which hides variables and other names from other parts of program outside a scope. All of these strategies attempt to encourage developers to maximize information hiding and separation of concerns. If you get your encapsulation right, you should be able to easily make changes to a program's behavior without having to change <em>everything</em> about it's implementation.</p>