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Fix typo many

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James 2024-02-14 00:28:22 -08:00
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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ To clarify things, consider four definitions<ko05b>.
To begin, let's consider *program behavior*, which we will define as any program output, at either a point in time, or over time, that is perceived or processed by a person or other software. Behavior, in this sense, is what we see programs do: they crash, hang, retrieve incorrect information, show error codes, compute something incorrectly, exhibit incomprehensible behavior, and so on. Program behavior is what [requirements|requirements] attempt to constraint (e.g., "the program should always finish in less than one second" is a statement about the program's behavior over time.)
Given this definition of behavior, we can then define a *defect* is some set of program fragments that may cause program behavior that is inconsistent a program's requirements. Note that this definition actually has some non-obvious implications. First, defects do not necessarily cause problems; may defects may actually never be executed, or never executed with inputs that cause a program to misbehave. Second, defects can only be defined as such to the extent that requirements are clear. If you haven't written those requirements down in an unambiguous way, there will be debate about whether something is defect. Take, for example, a web application that has SQL injection security vulnerabilities, but the for the purpose of learning how to identify such vulnerabilities. Those aren't defects because they are there intentionally.
Given this definition of behavior, we can then define a *defect* is some set of program fragments that may cause program behavior that is inconsistent a program's requirements. Note that this definition actually has some non-obvious implications. First, defects do not necessarily cause problems; many defects may actually never be executed, or never executed with inputs that cause a program to misbehave. Second, defects can only be defined as such to the extent that requirements are clear. If you haven't written those requirements down in an unambiguous way, there will be debate about whether something is defect. Take, for example, a web application that has SQL injection security vulnerabilities, but the for the purpose of learning how to identify such vulnerabilities. Those aren't defects because they are there intentionally.
A *fault* is a program state caused by a defect that may result in a program behavior inconsistent with a program's requirements. For example, imagine a program that is supposed to count from 1 to 10 using a variable to track and increment the current number, but with a defect that causes it to start at 0. The fault is the value of that variable when it is set to 0. When it is set to 1 through 10, there's nothing faulty about program behavior. Faults, like defects, do not necessarily cause problems. For example, imagine that the same program prints out the current value, but has another defect that unintentionally skips printing the first value. There would be two defects, a fault on the first number, but no undesirable program behavior, because it would still print 1 to 10.