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<span class="navbar-brand">Gtk4 tutorial</span>
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<a class="nav-link" href="sec11.html">Prev: section11</a>
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<a class="nav-link" href="sec13.html">Next: section13</a>
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<h1 id="signals">Signals</h1>
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<h2 id="signals-1">Signals</h2>
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<p>Each object is encapsulated in Gtk programming. And it is not
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recommended to use global variables because they are prone to make the
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program complicated. So, we need something to communicate between
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objects. There are two ways to do so.</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Functions. For example,
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<code>tb = gtk_text_view_get_buffer (tv)</code>. The caller requests
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<code>tv</code> to give <code>tb</code>, which is a GtkTextBuffer
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instance connected to <code>tv</code>.</li>
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<li>Signals. For example, <code>activate</code> signal on GApplication
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object. When the application is activated, the signal is emitted. Then
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the handler, which has been connected to the signal, is invoked.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The caller of the function or the handler connected to the signal is
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usually out of the object. One of the difference between these two is
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that the object is active or passive. In functions the object passively
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responds to the caller. In signals the object actively sends a signal to
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the handler.</p>
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<p>GObject signals are registered, connected and emitted.</p>
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<ol type="1">
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<li>Signals are registered with the object type on which they are
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emitted. The registration is done usually when the object class is
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initialized.</li>
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<li>Signals are connected to handlers by <code>g_connect_signal</code>
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or its family functions. The connection is usually done out of the
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object.</li>
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<li>When Signals are emitted, the connected handlers are invoked.
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Signals are emitted on the instance of the object.</li>
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</ol>
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<h2 id="signal-registration">Signal registration</h2>
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<p>In TfeTextView, two signals are registered.</p>
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<ul>
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<li>“change-file” signal. This signal is emitted when
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<code>tv->file</code> is changed.</li>
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<li>“open-response” signal. <code>tfe_text_view_open</code> function is
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not able to return the status because it uses GtkFileChooserDialog. This
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signal is emitted instead of the return value of the function.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>A static variable or array is used to store signal ID.</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">enum</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
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<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> CHANGE_FILE<span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> OPEN_RESPONSE<span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> NUMBER_OF_SIGNALS</span>
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<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">};</span></span>
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<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
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<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">static</span> guint tfe_text_view_signals<span class="op">[</span>NUMBER_OF_SIGNALS<span class="op">];</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<p>Signals are registered in the class initialization function.</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre
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class="sourceCode numberSource C numberLines"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1"></a><span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2"></a>tfe_text_view_class_init <span class="op">(</span>TfeTextViewClass <span class="op">*</span>class<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3"></a> GObjectClass <span class="op">*</span>object_class <span class="op">=</span> G_OBJECT_CLASS <span class="op">(</span>class<span class="op">);</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4"></a></span>
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<span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5"></a> object_class<span class="op">-></span>dispose <span class="op">=</span> tfe_text_view_dispose<span class="op">;</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6"></a> tfe_text_view_signals<span class="op">[</span>CHANGE_FILE<span class="op">]</span> <span class="op">=</span> g_signal_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"change-file"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7"></a> G_TYPE_FROM_CLASS <span class="op">(</span>class<span class="op">),</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8"></a> G_SIGNAL_RUN_LAST <span class="op">|</span> G_SIGNAL_NO_RECURSE <span class="op">|</span> G_SIGNAL_NO_HOOKS<span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9"></a> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="co">/* class offset */</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-10"><a href="#cb2-10"></a> NULL <span class="co">/* accumulator */</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-11"><a href="#cb2-11"></a> NULL <span class="co">/* accumulator data */</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-12"><a href="#cb2-12"></a> NULL <span class="co">/* C marshaller */</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-13"><a href="#cb2-13"></a> G_TYPE_NONE <span class="co">/* return_type */</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-14"><a href="#cb2-14"></a> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="co">/* n_params */</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-15"><a href="#cb2-15"></a> <span class="op">);</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-16"><a href="#cb2-16"></a> tfe_text_view_signals<span class="op">[</span>OPEN_RESPONSE<span class="op">]</span> <span class="op">=</span> g_signal_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"open-response"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-17"><a href="#cb2-17"></a> G_TYPE_FROM_CLASS <span class="op">(</span>class<span class="op">),</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-18"><a href="#cb2-18"></a> G_SIGNAL_RUN_LAST <span class="op">|</span> G_SIGNAL_NO_RECURSE <span class="op">|</span> G_SIGNAL_NO_HOOKS<span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-19"><a href="#cb2-19"></a> <span class="dv">0</span> <span class="co">/* class offset */</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-20"><a href="#cb2-20"></a> NULL <span class="co">/* accumulator */</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-21"><a href="#cb2-21"></a> NULL <span class="co">/* accumulator data */</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-22"><a href="#cb2-22"></a> NULL <span class="co">/* C marshaller */</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-23"><a href="#cb2-23"></a> G_TYPE_NONE <span class="co">/* return_type */</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-24"><a href="#cb2-24"></a> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="co">/* n_params */</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-25"><a href="#cb2-25"></a> G_TYPE_INT</span>
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<span id="cb2-26"><a href="#cb2-26"></a> <span class="op">);</span></span>
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<span id="cb2-27"><a href="#cb2-27"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<ul>
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<li>6-15: Registers “change-file” signal. <code>g_signal_new</code>
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function is used. The signal “change-file” has no default handler
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(object method handler) so the offset (the line 9) is set to zero. You
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usually don’t need a default handler. If you need it, use
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<code>g_signal_new_class_handler</code> function instead of
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<code>g_signal_new</code>. See <a
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href="https://docs.gtk.org/gobject/func.signal_new_class_handler.html">GObject
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API Reference</a> for further information.</li>
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<li>The return value of <code>g_signal_new</code> is the signal id. The
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type of signal id is guint, which is the same as unsigned int. It is
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used in the function <code>g_signal_emit</code>.</li>
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<li>16-26: Registers “open-response” signal. This signal has a
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parameter.</li>
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<li>24: Number of the parameters. “open-response” signal has one
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parameter.</li>
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<li>25: The type of the parameter. <code>G_TYPE_INT</code> is a type of
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integer. Such fundamental types are described in <a
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href="https://developer-old.gnome.org/gobject/stable/gobject-Type-Information.html">GObject
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reference manual</a>.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The handlers are declared as follows.</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">/* "change-file" signal handler */</span></span>
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<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">void</span></span>
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<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>user_function <span class="op">(</span>TfeTextView <span class="op">*</span>tv<span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> gpointer user_data<span class="op">)</span></span>
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<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
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<span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">/* "open-response" signal handler */</span></span>
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<span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">void</span></span>
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<span id="cb3-8"><a href="#cb3-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>user_function <span class="op">(</span>TfeTextView <span class="op">*</span>tv<span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb3-9"><a href="#cb3-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> TfeTextViewOpenResponseType response<span class="op">-</span>id<span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb3-10"><a href="#cb3-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> gpointer user_data<span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<ul>
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<li>Because “change-file” signal doesn’t have parameter, the handler’s
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parameters are a TfeTextView instance and user data.</li>
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<li>Because “open-response” signal has one parameter, the handler’s
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parameters are a TfeTextView instance, the signal’s parameter and user
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data.</li>
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<li><code>tv</code> is the object instance on which the signal is
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emitted.</li>
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<li><code>user_data</code> comes from the fourth argument of
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<code>g_signal_connect</code>.</li>
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<li><code>parameter</code> comes from the fourth argument of
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<code>g_signal_emit</code>.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The values of the parameter is defined in <code>tfetextview.h</code>
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because they are public.</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">/* "open-response" signal response */</span></span>
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<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">enum</span></span>
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<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">{</span></span>
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<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> TFE_OPEN_RESPONSE_SUCCESS<span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> TFE_OPEN_RESPONSE_CANCEL<span class="op">,</span></span>
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<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> TFE_OPEN_RESPONSE_ERROR</span>
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<span id="cb4-7"><a href="#cb4-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">};</span></span></code></pre></div>
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<ul>
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<li>The parameter is set to <code>TFE_OPEN_RESPONSE_SUCCESS</code> when
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<code>tfe_text_view_open</code> has successfully opened a file and read
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it.</li>
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<li>The parameter is set to <code>TFE_OPEN_RESPONSE_CANCEL</code> when
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the user has canceled.</li>
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<li>The parameter is set to <code>TFE_OPEN_RESPONSE_ERROR</code> when an
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error has occurred.</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="signal-connection">Signal connection</h2>
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<p>A signal and a handler are connected by the function
|
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<code>g_signal_connect</code>. There are some similar functions like
|
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<code>g_signal_connect_after</code>,
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<code>g_signal_connect_swapped</code> and so on. However,
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<code>g_signal_connect</code> is the most common. The signals
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“change-file” is connected to a callback function out of the TfeTextView
|
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object. In the same way, the signals “open-response” is connected to a
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callback function out of the TfeTextView object. Those callback
|
||
functions are defined by users.</p>
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<p>In the program <code>tfe</code>, callback functions are defined in
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<code>tfenotebook.c</code>. And their names are
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<code>file_changed</code> and <code>open_response</code>. They will be
|
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explained later.</p>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>g_signal_connect <span class="op">(</span>GTK_TEXT_VIEW <span class="op">(</span>tv<span class="op">),</span> <span class="st">"change-file"</span><span class="op">,</span> G_CALLBACK <span class="op">(</span>file_changed<span class="op">),</span> nb<span class="op">);</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
|
||
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>g_signal_connect <span class="op">(</span>TFE_TEXT_VIEW <span class="op">(</span>tv<span class="op">),</span> <span class="st">"open-response"</span><span class="op">,</span> G_CALLBACK <span class="op">(</span>open_response<span class="op">),</span> nb<span class="op">);</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<h2 id="signal-emission">Signal emission</h2>
|
||
<p>Signals are emitted on an instance. The type of the instance is the
|
||
second argument of <code>g_signal_new</code>. The relationship between
|
||
the signal and object type is determined when the signal is
|
||
registered.</p>
|
||
<p>A function <code>g_signal_emit</code> is used to emit the signal. The
|
||
following lines are extracted from <code>tfetextview.c</code>. Each line
|
||
comes from a different line.</p>
|
||
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>g_signal_emit <span class="op">(</span>tv<span class="op">,</span> tfe_text_view_signals<span class="op">[</span>CHANGE_FILE<span class="op">],</span> <span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>g_signal_emit <span class="op">(</span>tv<span class="op">,</span> tfe_text_view_signals<span class="op">[</span>OPEN_RESPONSE<span class="op">],</span> <span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">,</span> TFE_OPEN_RESPONSE_SUCCESS<span class="op">);</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>g_signal_emit <span class="op">(</span>tv<span class="op">,</span> tfe_text_view_signals<span class="op">[</span>OPEN_RESPONSE<span class="op">],</span> <span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">,</span> TFE_OPEN_RESPONSE_CANCEL<span class="op">);</span></span>
|
||
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>g_signal_emit <span class="op">(</span>tv<span class="op">,</span> tfe_text_view_signals<span class="op">[</span>OPEN_RESPONSE<span class="op">],</span> <span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">,</span> TFE_OPEN_RESPONSE_ERROR<span class="op">);</span></span></code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>The first argument is the instance on which the signal is
|
||
emitted.</li>
|
||
<li>The second argument is the signal id.</li>
|
||
<li>The third argument is the detail of the signal. “change-file” signal
|
||
and “open-response” signal doesn’t have details and the argument is zero
|
||
when no details.</li>
|
||
<li>“change-file” signal doesn’t have parameter, so there’s no fourth
|
||
parameter.</li>
|
||
<li>“open-response” signal has one parameter. The fourth parameter is
|
||
the parameter.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
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