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GtkGridView is similar to GtkListView. It displays a GListModel as a grid, which is like a square tessellation.
This is often seen when you use a file browser like nautilus.
In this section, let’s make a very simple file browser list4. It just shows the files in the current directory. And a user can choose list or grid by clicking on buttons in the tool bar. Each item in the list or grid has an icon and a filename. In addition, list4 provides the way to open the tfe text editor to show a text file. A user can do that by double clicking on an item or pressing enter key when an item is selected.
GtkDirectoryList implements GListModel and it contains information of files in a certain directory. The items of the list are GFileInfo objects.
In the list4 source files, GtkDirectoryList is described in a ui file and built by GtkBuilder. The GtkDirectoryList instance is assigned to the “model” property of a GtkSingleSelection instance. And the GtkSingleSelection instance is assigned to the “model” property of a GListView or GGridView instance.
GtkListView (model property) => GtkSingleSelection (model property) => GtkDirectoryList
GtkGridView (model property) => GtkSingleSelection (model property) => GtkDirectoryList
The following is the part of the ui file list4.ui. It defines GtkListView, GtkSingleSelection and GtkDirectoryList. It also defines GtkGridView and GtkSingleSelection.
<object class="GtkListView" id="list">
<property name="model">
<object class="GtkSingleSelection" id="singleselection">
<property name="model">
<object class="GtkDirectoryList" id="directorylist">
<property name="attributes">standard::name,standard::icon,standard::content-type</property>
</object>
</property>
</object>
</property>
</object>
<object class="GtkGridView" id="grid">
<property name="model">singleselection</property>
</object>GtkDirectoryList has an “attributes” property. It is attributes of GFileInfo such as “standard::name”, “standard::icon” and “standard::content-type”.
GtkGridView has the same structure as GtkListView. But it is enough to specify its model property to singleselection which is the identification of the GtkSingleSelection. Therefore the description for GtkGridView is very short.
Look at the screenshot of list4 at the top of this section. The widgets are built with the following ui file.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<interface>
<object class="GtkApplicationWindow" id="win">
<property name="title">file list</property>
<property name="default-width">600</property>
<property name="default-height">400</property>
<child>
<object class="GtkBox" id="boxv">
<property name="orientation">GTK_ORIENTATION_VERTICAL</property>
<child>
<object class="GtkBox" id="boxh">
<property name="orientation">GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL</property>
<child>
<object class="GtkLabel" id="dmy1">
<property name="hexpand">TRUE</property>
</object>
</child>
<child>
<object class="GtkButton" id="btnlist">
<property name="name">btnlist</property>
<property name="action-name">win.view</property>
<property name="action-target">'list'</property>
<child>
<object class="GtkImage">
<property name="resource">/com/github/ToshioCP/list4/list.png</property>
</object>
</child>
</object>
</child>
<child>
<object class="GtkButton" id="btngrid">
<property name="name">btngrid</property>
<property name="action-name">win.view</property>
<property name="action-target">'grid'</property>
<child>
<object class="GtkImage">
<property name="resource">/com/github/ToshioCP/list4/grid.png</property>
</object>
</child>
</object>
</child>
<child>
<object class="GtkLabel" id="dmy2">
<property name="width-chars">10</property>
</object>
</child>
</object>
</child>
<child>
<object class="GtkScrolledWindow" id="scr">
<property name="hexpand">TRUE</property>
<property name="vexpand">TRUE</property>
</object>
</child>
</object>
</child>
</object>
<object class="GtkListView" id="list">
<property name="model">
<object class="GtkSingleSelection" id="singleselection">
<property name="model">
<object class="GtkDirectoryList" id="directorylist">
<property name="attributes">standard::name,standard::icon,standard::content-type</property>
</object>
</property>
</object>
</property>
</object>
<object class="GtkGridView" id="grid">
<property name="model">singleselection</property>
</object>
</interface>The file consists of two parts. The first part begins at the third line and ends at the 57th line. This part is the widgets from the top level window to the scrolled window. It also includes two buttons. The second part begins at the 58th line and ends at the 71st line. This is the part of GtkListView and GtkGridView. They are described in the previous section.
btnlist and btngrid. These two buttons work as selection buttons to switch from list to grid and vice versa. These two buttons are connected to a stateful action win.view. This action is stateful and has a parameter. Such action consists of prefix, action name and parameter. The prefix of the action is win, which means the action belongs to the top level window. So, a prefix gives the scope of the action. The action name is view. The parameters are list or grid, which show the state of the action. A parameter is also called a target, because it is a target to which the buttons are clicked on to change the action state. We often write the detailed action like “win.view::list” or “win.view::grid”.The action view is created, connected to the “activate” signal handler and inserted to the window (action map) as follows.
act_view = g_simple_action_new_stateful ("view", g_variant_type_new("s"), g_variant_new_string ("list"));
g_signal_connect (act_view, "activate", G_CALLBACK (view_activated), scr); /* scr is the GtkScrolledWindow object */
g_action_map_add_action (G_ACTION_MAP (win), G_ACTION (act_view));The signal handler view_activated will be explained later.
Each view (GtkListView and GtkGridView) has its own factory because its items have different structure of widgets. The factories are GtkBuilderListItemFactory objects. Their ui files are as follows.
factory_list.ui
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<interface>
<template class="GtkListItem">
<property name="child">
<object class="GtkBox">
<property name="orientation">GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL</property>
<property name="spacing">20</property>
<child>
<object class="GtkImage">
<binding name="gicon">
<closure type="GIcon" function="get_icon">
<lookup name="item">GtkListItem</lookup>
</closure>
</binding>
</object>
</child>
<child>
<object class="GtkLabel">
<property name="hexpand">TRUE</property>
<property name="xalign">0</property>
<binding name="label">
<closure type="gchararray" function="get_file_name">
<lookup name="item">GtkListItem</lookup>
</closure>
</binding>
</object>
</child>
</object>
</property>
</template>
</interface>factory_grid.ui
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<interface>
<template class="GtkListItem">
<property name="child">
<object class="GtkBox">
<property name="orientation">GTK_ORIENTATION_VERTICAL</property>
<property name="spacing">20</property>
<child>
<object class="GtkImage">
<property name="icon-size">GTK_ICON_SIZE_LARGE</property>
<binding name="gicon">
<closure type="GIcon" function="get_icon">
<lookup name="item">GtkListItem</lookup>
</closure>
</binding>
</object>
</child>
<child>
<object class="GtkLabel">
<property name="hexpand">TRUE</property>
<property name="xalign">0.5</property>
<binding name="label">
<closure type="gchararray" function="get_file_name">
<lookup name="item">GtkListItem</lookup>
</closure>
</binding>
</object>
</child>
</object>
</property>
</template>
</interface>The two files above are almost same. The difference is:
$ cd list4; diff factory_list.ui factory_grid.ui
6c6
< <property name="orientation">GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL</property>
---
> <property name="orientation">GTK_ORIENTATION_VERTICAL</property>
9a10
> <property name="icon-size">GTK_ICON_SIZE_LARGE</property>
20c21
< <property name="xalign">0</property>
---
> <property name="xalign">0.5</property>Each view item has two properties, “gicon” property of GtkImage and “label” property of GtkLabel. Because GFileInfo doesn’t have properties correspond to icon or filename, the factory uses closure tag to bind “gicon” and “label” properties to GFileInfo information. A function get_icon gets GIcon the GFileInfo object has. And a function get_file_name gets a filename the GFileInfo object has.
GIcon *
get_icon (GtkListItem *item, GFileInfo *info) {
GIcon *icon;
if (! G_IS_FILE_INFO (info))
return NULL;
else {
icon = g_file_info_get_icon (info);
g_object_ref (icon);
return icon;
}
}
char *
get_file_name (GtkListItem *item, GFileInfo *info) {
if (! G_IS_FILE_INFO (info))
return NULL;
else
return g_strdup (g_file_info_get_name (info));
}One important thing is view items own the instance or string. It is achieved by g_object_ref to increase the reference count by one, or strdup to create a copy of the string. The object or string will be automatically freed in unbinding process when the view item is recycled.
An activate signal handler view_activate switches the view. It does two things.
static void
view_activated(GSimpleAction *action, GVariant *parameter, gpointer user_data) {
GtkScrolledWindow *scr = GTK_SCROLLED_WINDOW (user_data);
const char *view = g_variant_get_string (parameter, NULL);
const char *other;
char *css;
if (strcmp (view, "list") == 0) {
other = "grid";
gtk_scrolled_window_set_child (scr, list);
}else {
other = "list";
gtk_scrolled_window_set_child (scr, grid);
}
css = g_strdup_printf ("button#btn%s {background: silver;} button#btn%s {background: white;}", view, other);
gtk_css_provider_load_from_data (provider, css, -1);
g_free (css);
g_action_change_state (G_ACTION (action), parameter);
}The second parameter of this handler is the target of the clicked button. Its type is GVariant.
btnlist has been clicked, then parameter is a GVariant of the string “list”.btngrid has been clicked, then parameter is a GVariant of the string “grid”.The third parameter user_data points GtkScrolledWindow, which is set in the g_signal_connect function.
g_variant_get_string gets the string from the GVariant variable.scr. The function gtk_scrolled_window_set_child decreases the reference count of the old child by one. And it increases the reference count of the new child by one.Views (GtkListView and GtkGridView) have an “activate” signal. It is emitted when an item in the view is double clicked or the enter key is pressed. You can do anything you like by connecting the “activate” signal to the handler.
The example list4 launches tfe text file editor if the item of the list is a text file.
static void
list_activate (GtkListView *list, int position, gpointer user_data) {
GFileInfo *info = G_FILE_INFO (g_list_model_get_item (G_LIST_MODEL (gtk_list_view_get_model (list)), position));
launch_tfe_with_file (info);
}
static void
grid_activate (GtkGridView *grid, int position, gpointer user_data) {
GFileInfo *info = G_FILE_INFO (g_list_model_get_item (G_LIST_MODEL (gtk_grid_view_get_model (grid)), position));
launch_tfe_with_file (info);
}
... ...
... ...
g_signal_connect (GTK_LIST_VIEW (list), "activate", G_CALLBACK (list_activate), NULL);
g_signal_connect (GTK_GRID_VIEW (grid), "activate", G_CALLBACK (grid_activate), NULL);The second parameter of the handlers is the position of the item (GFileInfo) of the GListModel. So you can get the item with g_list_model_get_item function.
The function launch_tfe_with_file gets a file from the GFileInfo instance. If the file is a text file, it launches tfe with the file.
GFileInfo has information about file type. The file type is like “text/plain”, “text/x-csrc” and so on. It is called content type. Content type can be got with g_file_info_get_content_type function.
static void
launch_tfe_with_file (GFileInfo *info) {
GError *err = NULL;
GFile *file;
GList *files = NULL;
const char *content_type;
const char *text_type = "text/";
GAppInfo *appinfo;
int i;
if (! info)
return;
content_type = g_file_info_get_content_type (info);
g_print ("%s\n", content_type); /* This line can be commented out if unnecessary */
if (! content_type)
return;
for (i=0;i<5;++i) {
if (content_type[i] != text_type[i])
return;
}
appinfo = g_app_info_create_from_commandline ("tfe", "tfe", G_APP_INFO_CREATE_NONE, &err);
if (err) {
g_printerr ("%s\n", err->message);
g_error_free (err);
return;
}
err = NULL;
file = g_file_new_for_path (g_file_info_get_name (info));
files = g_list_append (files, file);
if (! (g_app_info_launch (appinfo, files, NULL, &err))) {
g_printerr ("%s\n", err->message);
g_error_free (err);
}
g_list_free_full (files, g_object_unref);
g_object_unref (appinfo);
}tfe application. GAppInfo is an interface and the variable appinfo points a GDesktopAppInfo instance. GAppInfo is a collection of information of an application.tfe) with an argument file. g_app_info_launch has four parameters. The first parameter is GAppInfo object. The second parameter is a list of GFile objects. In this function, only one GFile instance is given to tfe, but you can give more arguments. The third parameter is GAppLaunchContext, but this program gives NULL instead. The last parameter is the pointer to the pointer to a GError.g_list_free_full frees the memories used by the list and items.If your distribution supports Gtk4, using g_app_info_launch_default_for_uri is convenient. The function automatically determines the default application from the file and launches it. For example, if the file is text, then it launches gedit with the file. Such functionality comes from desktop.
The source files are located in src/list4 directory. To compile and execute list4, type as follows.
$ cd list4 # or cd src/list4. It depends your current directory.
$ meson _build
$ ninja -C _build
$ _build/list4Then a file list appears as a list style. Click on a button on the tool bar so that you can change the style to grid or back to list. Double click “list4.c” item, then tfe text editor runs with the argument “list4.c”. The following is the screenshot.
GtkBuilderListItemFactory has “gbytes” property. The property contains a byte sequence of ui data. If you use this property, you can put the contents of factory_list.ui and factory_grid.uiinto list4.ui. The following shows a part of the new ui file (list5.ui).
<object class="GtkListView" id="list">
<property name="model">
<object class="GtkSingleSelection" id="singleselection">
<property name="model">
<object class="GtkDirectoryList" id="directorylist">
<property name="attributes">standard::name,standard::icon,standard::content-type</property>
</object>
</property>
</object>
</property>
<property name="factory">
<object class="GtkBuilderListItemFactory">
<property name="bytes"><![CDATA[
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<interface>
<template class="GtkListItem">
<property name="child">
<object class="GtkBox">
<property name="orientation">GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL</property>
<property name="spacing">20</property>
<child>
<object class="GtkImage">
<binding name="gicon">
<closure type="GIcon" function="get_icon">
<lookup name="item">GtkListItem</lookup>
</closure>
</binding>
</object>
</child>
<child>
<object class="GtkLabel">
<property name="hexpand">TRUE</property>
<property name="xalign">0</property>
<binding name="label">
<closure type="gchararray" function="get_file_name">
<lookup name="item">GtkListItem</lookup>
</closure>
</binding>
</object>
</child>
</object>
</property>
</template>
</interface>
]]></property>
</object>
</property>
</object>CDATA section begins with “<[CDATA[" and ends with "]]>”. The contents of CDATA section is recognized as a string. Any character, even if it is a key syntax marker such as ‘<’ or ‘>’, is recognized literally. Therefore, the text between “<[CDATA[" and "]]>” is inserted to “bytes” property as it is.
This method decreases the number of ui files. But, the new ui file is a bit complicated especially for the beginners. If you feel some difficulty, it is better for you to separate the ui file.
A directory src/list5 includes the ui file above.
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